CARI Infonet

 Forgot password?
 Register

ADVERTISEMENT

Author: Dutch-Lady

Sejarah Bangsa Mongol

[Copy link]
hakimono This user has been deleted
Post time 25-5-2006 03:14 AM | Show all posts
Childhood
Based on legends and later writers, Tem黬in's early life was difficult. His father delivered him to his future wife's family when he was only nine. He was supposed to live there until he reached the marriageable age of 12. Shortly thereafter, his father was poisoned by the neighboring Tatars while returning home. This gave Tem黬in a claim to be the clan's chief, though his clan refused to be led by a boy and soon abandoned him and his family.

For the next few years, he and his family lived the life of impoverished nomads, surviving primarily on wild fruits, marmots and other small game. In one incident, Tem黬in murdered his half-brother Bekhter over a dispute about sharing hunting spoils. Despite being severely reproached by his mother he never expressed any remorse over the killing. In another incident in 1182, he was captured in a raid by his former tribe, the Ta'yichiut, and held captive. The Ta'yichiut planned on executing Tem黬in, but he escaped with help from a sympathetic captor, the father of Chilaun, a future general of Genghis Khan. His mother, Hoelun, taught him many lessons in survival in the harsh landscape and even grimmer political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for alliances with others, a lesson which would shape his understanding in his later years. Jelme and Borchu, two of Genghis Khan's future generals, joined him around this time. Along with his brothers, they provided the manpower needed for early expansion and diplomacy for Tem黬in.

Tem黬in married Börte of the Konkirat tribe around the age of 16, being betrothed as children by their parents as a customary way to forge a tribal alliance. She was later kidnapped in a raid by the Merkit tribe, and Tem黬in rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamuka, and his protector, Wang Khan of the Kerait tribe. She remained his true love and only empress, although he followed tradition by taking several morganatic concubines. Börte's first child, Jochi, was born roughly nine months after she was freed from the Merkit, leading to questions about the child's paternity - although Genghis fiercely contended that Jochi was his son.

Tem黬in became blood brother (anda) with Jamuka and thus the two made a vow to be faithful to each other for eternity

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report


ADVERTISEMENT


hakimono This user has been deleted
Post time 25-5-2006 03:15 AM | Show all posts
The main opponents of the Mongols by around c. 1100 were the Naimans to the west, the Merkits to the north the Tanguts, the Jin and Tatars to the east. By 1190, Tem黬in and his advisors had united together the Mongol confederation only. As an incentive for absolute obedience and following of his code of laws, the Yassa code, he promised civilians and fighters wealth from future possible war spoils. However the exact words of the Yassa are unknown because it was never found.

Tem黬in began his slow ascent to power by allying himself with his father's anda (sworn brother or blood brother). Tem黬in's ally was Toghrul, who was a blood brother of Genghis's father, Khan of the Kerait and better known by the Chinese title Wang Khan which the Jin Empire granted him in 1197. Toghrul's son Senggum was jealous of Tem黬in's growing power and he allegedly planned to assassinate Tem黬in. Toghrul, though saved on multiple occasions by Tem黬in gave in to his son [6] and adopted an obstinate attitude towards collaboration with Tem黬in. Tem黬in learned of Senggum's intentions, eventually defeated him and his loyalists. One of the ruptures later between Toghrul and Tem黬in was the refusal of Toghrul to give his daughter in marriage to Jochi, the eldest son of Tem黬in, which signified disrespect in the Mongol culture. This act probably led to the split and the prelude of the war between both factions. Toghrul allied himself with Jamuqa, Tem黬in's blood brother, or anda, and when the confrontation took place, the internal divisions between Toghrul and Jamuka, as well as the desertion of many clans that fought on their side to the cause of Tem黬in, led to Toghrul's defeat. This paved the way for the fall and extinction of the Kerait tribe.

The next direct threat to Tem黬in was the Naimans, with whom Jamuka and his followers took refuge. The Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Tem黬in. In 1201, a Khuriltai elected Jamuka as Gur Khan, universal ruler, a title used by the rulers of the Kara-Khitan Khanate. Jamuka's assumption of this title was the final breach with Tem黬in, and Jamuka formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him. Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned Jamuka, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother. After several battles, Jamuka was finally captured in 1206 after several shepherds kidnapped and turned him over to Tem黬in.

According to the pro-Genghis histories, Tem黬in generously offered his friendship again to Jamuqa and asked him to turn to his side. Jamuqa refused and asked for a noble death, i.e. without spilling blood, which was granted (his back was broken). The rest of the Merkit clan that sided with the Naimans were defeated by Subutai (or Subedei), a member of Tem黬in's personal guard who would later become one of the greatest commanders in the service of the Khan. The Naimans' defeat left Genghis Khan as the sole ruler of the Mongol plains. All these confederations were united and became known as the Mongols.


From Tem黬in to Genghis Khan
By 1206, Tem黬in managed to unite the Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Uyghurs, Keraits, Tatars and disparate other smaller tribes under his rule through his charisma, dedication, and strong will. It was a monumental feat for the "Mongols" (collectively referred to as such), who had a long history of internecine dispute, economic hardship, and pressure from Chinese dynasties and empires. At a Kurultai, a council of Mongol chiefs, he was acknowledged as "Khan" of the consolidated tribes and took the title Genghis Khan. The title Khagan was not conferred on Genghis until after his death, when his son and successor, Ögedei took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father. This unification of all confederations by Genghis Khan established peace between previously warring tribes. The population of whole Mongol Nation was around 200,000 people including civilians with approximately 70,000 soldiers at the formation of unified Mongol Nation.

(See below for possible meaning of his unique title)
]
]
]
Khagans of the Mongol Empire

[ Last edited by  hakimono at 25-5-2006 03:42 AM ]

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

hakimono This user has been deleted
Post time 25-5-2006 03:15 AM | Show all posts
First war with Western Xia
The Mongol Empire created by Genghis Khan in 1206 was bordered to the south by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, who then ruled North China, and to the west by the Xia. Tem黬in organized his people and his state to prepare for future battle with the Western Xia, Xi Xia, that was closer to the Mongol border. He also knew that Jin Dynasty had a young ruler who would not come to the aid of Tanguts of Xi Xia. This is what happened when the Tanguts asked the leader of Jin Dynasty for help and was refused. [7]

As well, the Jurchen had grown uncomfortable with the newly-unified Mongols for the first time. It may be that some trade routes ran through Mongol territory, and they might have feared the Mongols eventually would restrict the supply of goods coming from the Silk Road. On the other hand, Genghis Khan also was eager to take revenge against the Jurchen for their long subjugation of the Mongols. For example, the Jurchen were known to stir up conflicts between Mongol tribes and had even executed some Mongol Khans.

Eventually, Genghis Khan led his army against Western Xia and conquered it, despite initial difficulties in capturing its well-defended cities. By 1209, the Tangut emperor acknowledged Genghis as overlord.

In 1211, Genghis set about bringing the N鼁hen (the founders of the Jin Dynasty) completely under his dominion. The Mongol army crossed the Great Wall of China in 1213, and in 1215 Genghis besieged, captured, and sacked the Jin capital of Yanjing (later known as Beijing). This forced the Jin Emperor Xuan Zong to move his capital south to Kaifeng.

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

hakimono This user has been deleted
Post time 25-5-2006 03:16 AM | Show all posts
Conquest of the Kara-Khitan Khanate
Main article: Kara-Khitan Khanate
Meanwhile, Kuchlug, the deposed Khan of the Naiman confederation, had fled west and usurped the Khanate of Kara-Khitan (also known as Kara Kitay), the western allies who had decided to side with Genghis. By this time the Mongol army was exhausted from ten years of continuous campaigning in China against the Tangut and the Rurzhen. Therefore, Genghis sent only two tumen (20,000 soldiers) against Kuchlug, under a brilliant young general, Jebe known as "The Arrow".

An internal revolt against Kuchlug was incited by Mongol agents, leaving the Naiman forces open for Jebe to overrun the country; Kuchlug's forces were defeated west of Kashgar. Kuchlug fled, but was hunted down by Jebe and executed, and Kara-Khitan was annexed by Genghis Khan.

By 1218, the Mongol Empire extended as far west as Lake Balkhash and it adjoined Khwarezmia, a Muslim state that reached to the Caspian Sea in the west and to the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea in the south.


Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire
Main article: Mongol invasion of Central Asia

Khwarezmid Empire (1190

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

hakimono This user has been deleted
Post time 25-5-2006 03:17 AM | Show all posts
Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty
Main article: Yuan_Dynasty#Northern_Conquest

Western Xia, Jin Empire (yellow), Song China (red) and Dali (purple) in 1142.The Mongol Empire campaigned six times against the Tanguts in 1202, 1207, 1209

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

hakimono This user has been deleted
Post time 25-5-2006 03:18 AM | Show all posts
Politics and economics
Main article: Organization of state under Genghis Khan
The Mongol Empire was governed by civilian and military code, called the Yassa code created by Genghis Khan.

Among nomads the Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of biological and cultural ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy. The exception was the role of Genghis Khan and his family. The Mongol Empire was therefore one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires in history, as befitted its size. Many of the empire's nomadic inhabitants considered themselves Mongols in military and civilian life, including Turks, Mongols, Arabs, and others.


Drawing of Marco Polo at the court of Genghis' grandson Kublai Khan, c.1280.There were to some degree ideals such as meritocracy among the Mongols and allied nomadic people in military and civilian life. However sedentary peoples, and especially the Chinese, remained heavily discriminated against. There were tax exemptions for intellectuals like teachers and doctors. For example historians credit the Mongol control with an important role in the development of Muscovy as a state. Under Mongol occupation, for example, Muscovy developed its postal road network, census, fiscal system, and military organization

The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance to a large degree because it was generally indifferent to belief. The exception was when religious groups challenged the state. For example Ismaili Muslims that resisted the Mongols were exterminated.

The Mongol Empire linked together the previously fractured Silk Road states under one system and became somewhat open to trade and cultural exchange. However, the Mongol conquests did lead to a collapse of many of the ancient trading cities of Central Asia that resisted invasion. Taxes were also heavy and conquered people were used as forced labor in those regions.

Modern Mongolian historians say that towards the end of his life, Genghis attempted to create a civil state under the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals, including women [1]; however, there is no contemporary evidence of this or of the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the Chinese. Modern scholars refer to a theoretical policy of encouraging trade and communication as the concept of Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace).


Military

Reflex bow, the design similar to the Mongol bow, main and basic weapon used by Mongol armiesMain article: Military advances of Genghis Khan
Main article: Mongol military tactics and organization
Genghis Khan made advances in military disciplines, such as mobility, psychological warfare, intelligence, military autonomy, and tactics at the time

Genghis Khan and others are widely cited as practicing a highly efficient army with remarkable discipline, toughness, dedication, loyalty and military intelligence compared to their enemies. The Mongol armies were one of the most feared forces ever to take the field of battle. Operating in massive sweeps, extending over dozens of miles, the fierce horsemen combined a shock, mobility and firepower unmatched in land warfare until the gunpowder age. Other peoples such as the Romans had stronger infantry, and others like the Byzantines deployed more heavily armored cavalry. Still others were experts in fortification, but none combined combat power on land with such devastating range, speed, scope and effectiveness as the Mongol military.

In contrast to their enemies, almost all Mongols grew up on horses as being nomads. Secondly Genghis Khan refused to divide his troops into different ethnic units, instead creating a sense of unity, and he punished even small infractions against discipline severely. He also divided his armies into a number of smaller groups based on the decimal system in units of 10s, taking advantage of the superb mobility of his mounted archers to attack their enemies on several fronts simultaneously and the soldiers carried their families along with them on a military campaign.

In addition Genghis Khan expected unwavering loyalty from his generals and gave them free rein in battles and wars. Muqali, a trusted general, was given command over Mongol forces over Jin Dynasty while Genghis Khan was fighting in Central Asia, and Subutai and Jebe were allowed to use any means to defeat Kievan Rus. Along with their incredible speed, fear-inducing slaughters and city burnings were used in greater degree to intimidate and diminish the morale of the resisting cities and in order to convince other cities and rulers to surrender without a fight. Mongol military also was successful in siege warfare and cutting resources for cities and towns by diverting rivers and sending flocking refugees and adopting new ideas, techniques and tools from the people they conquered.

Another important aspect in the military organization of Genghis Khan was the communications and supply route or Yam, borrowed from previous Chinese models, to which he himself dedicated a special attention in order to speed up military intelligence and support travelers.

Division of the Empire into Khanates
Before his death, Genghis Khan divided his empire among his sons and grandsons into several Khanates designed as sub territories: their Khans were expected to follow the Great Khan, who was, initially, Ögedei Khan.


Modern day location of capital KharakhorumFollowing are the Khanates in the way in which Genghis Khan assigned after his death:

Empire of the Great Khan (China) - third son but designated main heir Ögedei Khan, as Great Khan, took most of Eastern Asia, including China.
Il-Khanate - Hulegu Khan, son of Tolui and brother of Kublai Khan, established himself in the former Khwarezmid Empire as the Khan of the Il-Khanate.
Mongol homeland (present day Mongolia, including Karakhorum) - Tolui Khan, being the youngest son, received a small territory near the Mongol homeland as per Mongol custom
Chagadai Khanate - Chagatai Khan, Genghis Khan's second son, was given Central Asia and northern Iran.
Blue Horde and White Horde (combined into the Golden Horde) -
Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi, had received most of the distant Russia and Ruthenia. Because Jochi died before Genghis Khan, his territory was further split up into the Western White Horde (under Orda Khan) and the Eastern Blue Horde, which under the Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan attacked Europe and crushed several armies before being summoned back by the news of Ögedei's death. In 1382, these two Khanates were combined into the Kipchak Khanate, better known as the Golden Horde.


After Genghis Khan

Next Khagan, Ögedei Khan, son of Genghis KhanContrary to popular belief, Genghis Khan didn't conquer all of the areas of Mongol Empire, but his sons and grandsons did. At the time of his death, Mongol Empire stretched from Caspian Sea to Sea of Japan, while China wasn't conquered in full so as Russia and also attack on central Europe didn't happen during his lifetime. The empire's expansion continued for a generation or more after Genghis's death in 1227

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

Follow Us
hakimono This user has been deleted
Post time 25-5-2006 03:19 AM | Show all posts
Death and burial

Mongol Empire in 1227 at Genghis Khan's deathDuring his last campaign with the Tangut Empire during which Genghis Khan was fighting with the Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan died on August 18, 1227. The reason for his death is uncertain. Many assume he fell off his horse, due to old age and physical fatigue; some contemporary observers cited prophecies from his opponents. The Galician-Volhynian Chronicle alleges he was killed by the Tanguts. There are persistent folktales that a Tangut princess, to avenge her people and prevent her rape, castrated him with a hidden knife and that he never recovered.

It is alleged that Genghis asked to be buried without markings. After he died, his body was returned to Mongolia and presumably to his birthplace in Hentiy aymag, where many assume he is buried somewhere close to the Onon River. According to legend, the funeral escort killed anyone and anything across their path, to conceal where he was finally buried. The Genghis Khan Mausoleum is his memorial, but not his burial site. On October 6, 2004, "Genghis Khan's palace" was allegedly discovered, and that may make it possible to find his burial site. Folklore says that a river was diverted over his grave to make it impossible to find (The same manner of burial of Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk.) Other tales state that his grave was stampeded over by many horses, over which trees were then planted and the permafrost also did its bit in the hiding the burial site. The burial site remains undiscovered.

Genghis Khan left behind an army of more than 129,000 men. 28,000 were given to his various brothers and his sons, and Tolui, his youngest son, inherited more than 100,000 men. This force contained the bulk of the elite Mongolian cavalry. This was done because by tradition, the youngest son inherits his father's property. Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei and Kulan's son Gelejian received armies of 4000 men each. His mother and the descendants of his three brothers received 3000 men each.

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

hakimono This user has been deleted
Post time 25-5-2006 03:19 AM | Show all posts
Genghis Khan's personality

Simplicity
It is not entirely clear what Genghis Khan's personality was truly like, but his personality and character were doubtlessly molded by the many hardships he faced when he was young, and in unifying the Mongol nation. Genghis appeared to fully embrace the Mongol people's nomadic way of life, and did not try to change their customs or beliefs. As he aged, he seemed to become increasingly aware of the consequences of numerous victories and expansion of the Mongol Empire, including the possibility that succeeding generations might choose to live a sedentary lifestyle. According to quotations attributed to him in his later years, he urged future leaders to follow the Yasa, and to refrain from surrounding themselves with wealth and pleasure. He was known to share his wealth with his people and awarded subjects handsomely who participated in campaigns.


Honesty and loyalty
He seemed to value honesty and loyalty highly from his subjects. Genghis Khan put a lot of trust in his generals, such as Muqali, Jebe and Subudei and gave them free rein in battles and allowed them to make decisions on their own when they embarked on campaign on their own very far away from the Mongol Empire capital Kharakhorum. An example of Genghis Khan's perception of loyalty is written in The Secret History of the Mongols that one of his main military generals Jebe was an enemy of Temujin when he shot Temujin's horse earlier. When he was captured, Genghis Khan spared his life and made him part of his team when Jebe said he shot Temujin's horse and said he would fight for Genghis Khan if he spared his life or would die if that's what Genghis Khan wished.

Yet traditional accounts of his life are marked by a series of betrayals and conspiracies. These include rifts with his early allies such as Jamuka and Wang Khan, problems with the most important Shaman and at the end of his life he was said to have been considering an attack against his son Jochi. There is little reason to believe all of these were genuine. This may suggest a degree of paranoia in Genghis Khan's personality based on his earlier experiences..


Military strategy
His military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals. He seemed to be a quick study, adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered such as siege warfare. The Secret History makes it clear he was not physically courageous and even says he was afraid of dogs. Many stories and legends claim that Genghis Khan always was in the front in battles but these may not be historically accurate. He seemed to have very little tolerance for resistance against his rule and this rule persisted later on for later rulers like Ogedei Khan, Kublai Khan, etc. behaving the same way, which some people attribute to the fierce and harsh climates in Central Asian steppes.


Spirituality
Genghis Khan, towards the later part of his life became interested in ancient Buddhist and Tao religion. The Tao monk Chang Chung, who rejected invitations from Sung and Jin leaders, traveled more then 5000 kilometers to meet Genghis close to Afghanistan border. Genghis was impressed by this teacher and he cherished the time spent in his company. He also passed a decree that all followers of Tao religion will be exempt from paying any taxes in his dominion. This made the Tao religion very powerful at the expense of Buddhists.


Genghis Khan was by and large tolerant of the multiple religions he encountered during the conquests. None of his campaigns caused wanton and deliberate destruction of places of worship. [citation needed]


By others
The chronicler Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani left a description of Genghis Khan, written when the Khan was in his later years:

[Genghis Khan was] a man of tall stature, of vigorous build, robust in body, the hair on his face scanty and turned white, with cat's eyes, possessed of dedicated energy, discernment, genius, and understanding, awe-striking, a butcher, just, resolute, an overthrower of enemies, intrepid, sanguinary, and cruel.


By himself
Perhaps a rare insight into Genghis Khan's perspective of himself was recorded in a letter to the Taoist monk Ch'ang Ch'un. The letter was presumably not written by Genghis Khan himself, as tradition states that he was illiterate, but rather, written by a Chinese person at a later point and recorded as his in the Chinese histories. A passage from the letter:

Heaven has abandoned China owing to its haughtiness and extravagant luxury. But I, living in the northern wilderness, have not inordinate passions. I hate luxury and exercise moderation. I have only one coat and one food. I eat the same food and am dressed in the same tatters as my humble herdsmen. I consider the people my children, and take an interest in talented men as if they were my brothers. We always agree in our principles, and we are always united by mutual affection. At military exercises I am always in front, and in time of battle am never behind. In the space of seven years I have succeeded in accomplishing a great work, and uniting the whole world in one empire. (Bretschneider)

[ Last edited by  hakimono at 25-5-2006 03:22 AM ]

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report


ADVERTISEMENT


hakimono This user has been deleted
Post time 25-5-2006 03:20 AM | Show all posts
Positive perception of Genghis Khan
Negative views of Genghis Khan are persistent, but historians and scientists are looking into positive aspects of Genghis Khan's conquests. Genghis Khan, successor Khans and Mongols are credited to bringing the Silk Route under one cohesive political environment. Theoretically this allowed increased communication and trade between the West, Middle East and Asia by expanding the horizon of all three areas. More recent sometimes historians point out that Genghis Khan instituted some levels of meritocracy and was, by Christian or Islamic standards, quite tolerant of many religions under his rule. There were some that later claimed descent from Genghis Khan like Timur and therefore Babur that were successful conquerors in their own right.


In Mongolia

Mongolia todayGenghis Khan is regarded by many modern observers as one of Mongolia's greatest leaders, national identity and pride of the Mongolians along with another Mongolian leader Sukhbaatar. He was to a large extent responsible for the emergence of Mongolia as a political and ethnic identity. There is also a chasm in the perception of his brutality - Mongolians often feel that the historical record, written for the most part by non-Mongolian observers, is unfairly biased against Genghis Khan and exaggerates his barbarism and butchery while underplaying his positive roles, for example in founding the Mongol nation. He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability for the Mongol nation at a time of great uncertainty within each other and by outside influences. He also brought in cultural change, and helped create a writing system for the Mongolian language based on existing Uyghur script.

In the early 1990s, when Mongolia repudiated communism and withdrew from the Russian bloc, Genghis became a symbol of the free nation's identity. Some Mongolians call Mongolia, "Genghis Khan's Mongolia" or "Genghis' nation." Mongolians have given his name to many products, streets, buildings, and other places. Ulaanbaatar's main international airport, for example, is known as Chinggis Khaan International Airport and he is viewed with great respect by almost all Mongolians.


Recognitions
Genghis Khan is recognized in number of large and popular publications and by other authors, which include the following:

Genghis Khan is ranked #29 on Michael H. Hart's list of the most influential people in history.
An article that appeared in the Washington Post on December 31, 1995 selected Genghis Khan as "Man of the Millennium".
Genghis Khan was nominated for the "Top 10 Cultural Legends of the Millennium" in 1998 by Dr G. Ab Arwel, voted by the five Judges, Prof. D Owain, Mr G Parry OBE, Dr. C Campbell of Oxford University, and Mr S Evans and Sir B. Parry of the International Museum of Culture, Luxembourg.
National Geographic's 50 Most Important Political Leaders of All Time.

By other countries
The Chinese have mixed feelings towards Genghis Khan: although his successors completely conquered China (and in the course became Chinese themselves), there has been much artwork and literature praising him as a great military leader of genius. Genghis Khan himself was technically not Han Chinese originally, but he and his successors did fully unite China, eventually were assimilated by the Chinese culture, and left a significant, lasting, but questionable, imprint on Chinese political and social structures for subsequent generations. In much of the modern day Turkey, Genghis Khan is looked on as a great military leader and did many good things as Turkic people counting relatively larger amount of Mongol military compared to other ethnic groups besides the Mongols. In contrast, in Iraq and Iran, he is looked on as a leader who eventually caused by his successors as causing great damage and destruction by invading Baghdad and Samarkand for example. In much of Russia, Ukraine, Poland and Hungary, Genghis Khan, his descendants and the Mongols and/or Tartars are more talked as causing considerable damage and destruction.

[ Last edited by  hakimono at 25-5-2006 03:22 AM ]

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

hakimono This user has been deleted
Post time 25-5-2006 03:21 AM | Show all posts
Consequences of Mongol conquest

Drawing of Mongol siege of Baghdad in 1258.There are many differing views on the amount of destruction Genghis Khan and his armies caused. The peoples who suffered the most during Genghis Khan's conquests, like the Persians and the Chinese, usually stress the negative aspects of the conquest and some modern scholars argue that their historians exaggerate the numbers of deaths. However such historians produce virtually all the documents available to modern scholars and so it is hard to establish a firm basis for any alternative view.

They were militarily extremely successful, dedicated, creative and ruthless against resistence with strategy based on mobility, shock, terror and deception (e.g. feigned retreat) among others and saw winning as the primary goal with as little as cost to the Mongol military. They were widely viewed as the most feared and unbeatable army at the time and took down big empires, nations and tribes many times their population and material wealth. Some observers have attributed the Mongols' military style to the nomadic lifestyle on the harsh natural environment of the Central Asia in present day Mongolia and the strict discipline founded by Genghis Khan and others that set them militarily above other armies who employed the horse and archer type of warfare based on mobility and travel that existed much of the time in Central Asia.


Casualties
In military strategy, Genghis Khan generally preferred to offer opponents the chance to submit to his rule without a fight and become vassals by sending tribute, accepting residents and contributing troops, but was ruthless if he encountered any resistance. In such cases he would not give an alternative and would result in massive collective slaughter of the resisting cities' populations and destruction of their property by usually burning it to the ground after defeating their defense and armies. Battle of Baghdad is an example, leaving only the skilled engineers, artists as slaves, and any troops who submitted and incorporating them in the Mongol system to expand their manpower, while absorbing their technology, knowledge and skill as needed for future possible military campaigns against other possible opponents.

There also were instances of mass slaughters even where there was no resistance, especially in Northern China where the vast majority of the population had long histories of accepting nomadic rulers. Genghis Khan's conquests were widely characterized by wholesale destruction on an unprecedented scale and radical changes in the demographics of Asia by many ancient sources. For example, over much of Central Asia speakers of Iranian languages were replaced by speakers of Turkic languages. According to the works of Iranian historian Rashid al-Din, the Mongols killed over 70,000 people in Merv and more than a million in Nishapur. China suffered a drastic decline in population during 13th and 14th century. For instance, before the Mongol invasion, a unified China had approximately 120 million inhabitants; after the complete conquest in 1279, the census in 1300 showed it to have roughly 60 million people. [8] How many of these deaths were attributable directly to Genghis Khan and his forces is unclear as are the highly generalized numbers themselves.

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

hakimono This user has been deleted
Post time 25-5-2006 03:44 AM | Show all posts
History
Main article: History of Mongolia
A large number of ethnicities have inhabited Mongolia since prehistoric times. Most of these peoples were nomads, who from time to time formed great confederations which have risen to prominence. The first of these, the Xiongnu, were brought together to form a confederation by Modun Shanyu in 209 BC.They defeated the Donghu who once possessed the hegemony in eastern Mongolia. The Xiongnu became the greatest enemy of China for the following three centuries. The Great Wall was built partly as defence agains the Xiongnu. The Marshal Meng Tian of the Qin Empire disposed more than 300,000 soldiers along the Great Wall to prevent expected invasion from the North. It is believed that, after their decisive defeat by the Chinese in 428-431, some of the Xiongnu migrated West to become the Huns.After Xiongnu migrated to west, Rouran , a close relative of Mongols came into power before being defeated by Gokturks who took the dominance in mongolia for centuries.

During the 7th and 8th centuries, Mongolia was controlled by Gokturks.Then they were successed by the ancestors of nowadays Uigur called Huihu. Then the Khitan and Jurchen.By the 10th Century, however, the country came to be predominantly populated by Mongols, believed to be a branch of the Xianbei. During this period, the country was divided into numerous tribes, linked through transient alliances. In the late 12th Century, a chieftain named Temujin united the Mongol tribes after a longer struggle to Naiman and Jurchen. In 1206, Temujin was crowned Genghis Khan, and the nation of Mongolia was born. Genghis Khan and his successors consolidated and expanded the Mongol Empire into the largest contiguous land empire in world history. After Ghengis Khan's death, the empire was divided into four kingdoms, or "Khanates". One of these, the "Great Khanate", comprised the Mongol homeland and China, and is known as the Yuan Dynasty. Its founder, Kublai Khan, set up his centre of administration in present day Beijing. After more than a century of power, the Yuan Dynasty was replaced by the Ming Dynasty in 1368. The Mongol court fled north. The Ming armies pursued and defeated them in Mongolia, but did not conquer Mongolia.

During the next few centuries, Mongolia was split between the Oirad in the west and the Khalkha in the east. Altan Khan united the Mongols briefly in 1571. After failing to defeat the Chinese, he made peace with the Ming Dynasty and instead attacked Tibet, eventually becoming a convert to Tibetan Buddhism.

During the 17th Century, the Manchus rose to prominence in the east, and they conquered Inner Mongolia in 1636 and Outer Mongolia in 1691. For the next 200 years Mongolia was ruled by the Manchus, who became the Qing Dynasty. During this time, the Manchus maintained their control over Mongolia with a series of alliances and intermarriages, as well as military and economic control. Almost all emperors of the Qing Dynasty were born to Mongol mothers.

Mongolia declared independence in 1911, covering approximately the territory of the former Outer Mongolia. After the October Revolution in Russia, Chinese troops led by Hs

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

Post time 25-5-2006 08:52 AM | Show all posts
mak oii panjangnye...tak terbaca aku
Reply

Use magic Report

Post time 25-5-2006 10:16 AM | Show all posts
Thanks hakimono for the facts.

Genghis was related through his father to Qabul Khan, Ambaghai and Qutula Khan who had headed the Mongol confederation under Jin Dynasty patronage [citation needed] until the Jin switched support to the Tatars in 1161 and destroyed Qutula Khan.  Genghis' father, Yesugei, khan of the Borjigin, and nephew to Ambaghai and Qutula Khan, emerged as the head of the ruling clan of the Mongols, but this position was contested by the rival Tayichi抲d clan, who descended directly from Ambaghai. When the Tatars, in turn, grew too powerful after 1161, the Jin moved their support from the Tatars to the Kerait.

Here, two things are evidenced :

1. It was a traditional tactic of the Chinese, of whatever dynasty, to develop an alliance with one of the nomadic tribes on its frontier and encourage  them to sow unrest amongst the remainder, should another tribe appear to be gaining an upper hand, the  Chinese would abandon their ally and take up with the emerging new tribe. The purpose, naturally of course to foster internal strife, for as long as the tribes fought amongst themselves they are unlikely to pose a threat to anyone else.

2. Temujin's clan had provided leaders in the past. Though leadership did not pass automatically from father to son, this bred  infighting which was to wound the Mongol Empire greatly later on.


aku ada terbaca.. ikut pembahagian bangsa .. ada 3 bangsa utama yg jadi origin bangsa2 lain..

caucasoid(?).. european
negroid.. african
mongoloid.. asian..

adakah bermaksud bangsa asia ni asal-usul dari bangsa mongol?


Hami suka mengingati yang ini:

Ada mithos yang menyatakan Nabi Noh AS mempunyai 3 orang anak lelaki:

1. Shem - dikatakan bapa kepada orang2 Israel & Arab
2. Japeth - dikatakan bapa kepada kaum Indo- European
3. Ham - dikatakan bapa kepada orang2 Negroid, Egypt, Libya dan Ethiopia.

Tetapi ini agak simplistik dan disini Hami postkan detail yang berikut dari kajian Genesis:



Ref: http://www.ldolphin.org/ntable.html                  

Dicatit disini orang2 Cina berasal dari orang2 Sinite, keturunan  Canaan

[ Last edited by  hamizao at 25-5-2006 10:19 AM ]

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

Post time 25-5-2006 01:26 PM | Show all posts
As an incentive for absolute obedience and following of his code of laws, the Yassa code, he promised civilians and fighters wealth from future possible war spoils. However the exact words of the Yassa are unknown because it was never found.


Yes, Genghis Khan was a law giver. Although the original recorded early history of the Mongols did not survive, their history remain written in the history books of the Chinese, Persians, Russians, Turks and accounts of other people who have travelled to Central Asia.

The Yasa was Genghis Khan's famous code which was said to have been set down in the quriltai of 1206 and entrusted to his adopted brother Shigi-Qutuqu, a Tartar orphan, as a kind of chief justice.

It enshrine, among others:
- Mongol attitudes towards religious tolerence
- exemption of priests and religious institutions from taxation
- priscription of death penalty for espionage, desertion, theft, adultery and in case of merchant, upon declaration of bancruptcy for a 3rd time
- forbidding of washing and urinating in running water as the rivers and streams were thought to be alive.

His army was also regulated.
- Military service started at the age of 14. Only physicians, undertakers and priests were exempted
- Wives and children were expected to follow and travel with their herd to whereever he was posted
- soldiers' tents were  layed along standard lines  such that they know where to find the physician's tent or the armoury to collect their weapons.
- soldiers were responsible to maintain their weapons in standard order and regular inspections were made by officers. Failure meant his dismissal.
- among other equipment include silk undershirt (arrow proof)
- the army may move in groups of 10(arban), 100(jagun = 10 arbans), 1000(regiment, minghan = 10 jaguns), 10,000(division, tumen = 10 minghans)

Genghis Khan developed a horsemen sport " the hunt"  into a military drill. The exercise was usually conducted during the winter months for 3 months and every soldier took part. Another approach was to string an antire division along a line, sometimes 130 km  long, and they would ride to a finishing line some hundreds of kilometres away  ..............and so on. Whatever animals  caught between them were killed........all to train a disciplined and skilled army..............which became a masterpiece and pride of the Mongols unequalled  by any other armies iin the world!

[ Last edited by  hamizao at 27-5-2006 07:02 PM ]

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

 Author| Post time 26-5-2006 02:28 PM | Show all posts
Selain Genghis Khan, ada yang punya informasi mengenai Kublai Khan dan Hulagu Khan
Reply

Use magic Report

 Author| Post time 26-5-2006 02:48 PM | Show all posts
Reply

Use magic Report


ADVERTISEMENT


Post time 26-5-2006 06:05 PM | Show all posts
Originally posted by Dutch-Lady at 26-5-2006 02:28 PM
Selain Genghis Khan, ada yang punya informasi mengenai Kublai Khan dan Hulagu Khan



aku selalu carik kat wikipedia.org jerh
Reply

Use magic Report

Post time 27-5-2006 08:57 AM | Show all posts
hulagu khan tu sapa, tak penah denga pon
Reply

Use magic Report

Post time 27-5-2006 07:14 PM | Show all posts
Originally posted by ShadowChaser at 27-5-2006 08:57 AM
hulagu khan tu sapa, tak penah denga pon


Ni family tree dia yang  mudah nye:

0. Yesugei Bar-atur

1. GENGHIS KHAN (Temuchin) b. 1167 Great Khan 1206-27

2.1. Jochi d. 1227

2.2. Chaghadai d.1242

2.3. OGEDEI, Great Khan 1229-41

2.4. Tolui d. 1233

House of Jochi

3.2.1.1. Orda (White Horde)

3.2.1.2. Batu d. 1255

3.2.1.3. Berke d. 1267

Batu and Berke united to form the Golden Horde.
Last Khan, Berdeck d. 1359.
The Golden Horde continues under other rulers from
Timurid clan.

House of Chaghadai

3.2.2.1. Baidar,

followed by the Khans of the Chaghadai
Khanate until Babur fled to India and
founded the Moghul Dynasty.


House of Ogedei

3.2.3.1. GUYUK, Great Khan 1246-8


House of Tolui

3.2.4.1. MONGKE, Great Khan 1251-9

3.2.4.2. Hulegu d.1265

Followed by Khans of the
Ilkhans in Persia.
Last Ilkhan, Abu Sa'id d. 1335


3.2.4.3. KUBILAI, Great Khan 1260-94

Established the Yuan Dynasty in
China..
Last Yuan Emporer, Toghon Temur
d. 1370

House of Ariq Boke

He is believed to have died without a successor.

Rate

1

View Rating Log

Reply

Use magic Report

Post time 28-5-2006 09:10 AM | Show all posts
ooo, hulagu tu anak cucu tolui ke...

tq hamizao
Reply

Use magic Report

You have to log in before you can reply Login | Register

Points Rules

 

ADVERTISEMENT



 

ADVERTISEMENT


 


ADVERTISEMENT
Follow Us

ADVERTISEMENT


Mobile|Archiver|Mobile*default|About Us|CARI Infonet

29-3-2024 09:57 AM GMT+8 , Processed in 0.095379 second(s), 60 queries .

Powered by Discuz! X3.4

Copyright © 2001-2021, Tencent Cloud.

Quick Reply To Top Return to the list