Sejarah Filipina & Jose Rizal [merged: hamizao, sLapshock]

fleurzsa

Bonifacio telah menubuhkan kerajaan pemberontakan di Tejeros. Dalam bulan Mac tahun 1897 satu majlis pemberontak telah diadakan di Tejeros. Aguinaldo telah dipilih sebagai Presiden Republik Filipina. Bonifacio tidak mendapat sokongan pengikut Katipunan kerana tidak mempunyai pengetahuan tentera dan pendidikan yang rendah.

Bonifacio yang telah dugulingkan cuba menubuhkan kerajaan ynag berasingan di Limbon tetapi ia dan saudara lelakinya telah ditangkap dan dijatuhkan hukuman bunuh oleh mahkamah tentera yang dipimpim oleh Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo telah mengeluarkan dua manifesto yang ditujukan kepada rakyat Filipina . Ini merupakan satu perubhan yang penting kerana sebelum ini orang-orang filipina berpecah-pecah kepada beberapa kelompok dan dianggap sebagai orang Tagalog, ilokos,atau bikollanos dan sebagainya mengikut dialek atau daerah masing-masing.

Kini mereka didasarkan dengan panggilan 揵angsa Filipino

fleurzsa

Sepanyol mempunyai askar-askar tambahan dan keunggulan senjata , penindasan yang dikenakan atas orang-orang Filipina dan kemerosotan semangat di kalangan pemberontak telah melemahkan perjuangan nasionalis. Aguinaldo telah diusir dari Cavite dan beliau telah melarikan diri ke kawasan pergunungan di Bulacan. Beliau telah mengadakan kerajaan revolusionernya di sebuah barrio yang dinamakan Biyak-na-bato.

Orang Sepanyol tidak memburunya tetapi telah berusaha menawan kawasan demi kawasan. Pada masa yang sama Sepanyol menghadapi pemberontakan di Cuba dan dengan itu tidak mahu menghadapi dua perjuangan di dua kawasan serentak. Gabenor jeneral Sepanyol Polovieja yang suka berperang telah disingkirakn kerana jatuh sakit, oleh itu tempat beliau telah digantikan oleh Fernnando Primo de Reviera telah cuba menggunakan diplomasi. Aguinaldo dan Kapten- Jeneral Fernando Primo de Reviera telah bersetuju untuk mengadakan perundingan.

Puak-puak pemberontak telah menuntut supaya paderi-paderi dikeluarkan dari Filipina, pemberian gantirugi kepada mereka yang telah menderita akibat pemberontakan itu, mengadakan pemulihan-pemulihan politik dan sosial , penglibatan orang-orang Filipina dalam kerajaan , hak perwakilan Filipina dalam parlimen dan penjamin kebebasan-kebebasan awam. Aguinaldo didesak supaya mengurangkan tuntutan-tuntutannya.

Akhirnya pada bulan Disember tahun 1897 Pakatan Biyak-na- bato telah dipersetujui. Menurut pakatan itu pemberontakan mestilah dihentikan dan pemimpinnya dibuang negeri ke Hong Kong dengan sukarela. Sepanyol telah membayar kepada mereka sebanyak 800,000 peso dengan cara beransur-ansur dalam tiga ansuran kerana penyerahan senjata mereka. Kerajajan Sepanyol juga telah membayar gantirugi sebanyk 900,000 kepada keluarga yang menderita akibat peperangan.

fleurzsa

Aguinaldo dan sahabat seperjuangannya telah menerima wang 400,000 peso di Hong Kong telah menggunakan wang tersebut untuk membeli senjata baru. Primo de Rivera telah memberi sedikit wang tunai kepada orang-orang menderita akibat peperangan itu, tetapi jumlah penuh wang yang dijanjikan itu tiada pernah dibayar dan tiada apa yang dilakukan berhubung dengan pembaharuan-pembaharuan yang telah menjadi tajuk perbincangan.

Kedua-dua belah pihak telah melakukan kecurangan. Beberapa rusuhan baru bermula semula dalam bulan Februari tahun 1898.

fleurzsa

Peristiwa-peristiwa yang berlaku selepas bermulanya revolusi yang pertama memang pantas. Dengan campurtangan Amerika Syarikat menentang Sepanyol , maka sebuah Republik Filipina  telah diisyhtiharkan tertubuh  pada 21 januari tahun 1899 oleh golongan pihak revolusiner. Tetapi ia bersifat sementara kerana  campurtangan Amerika bermakna bermulanya imperialisme Amerika di Filipina.

Walaupun orang Filipina menentang usaha Amerika dalam proses penjajahannya, tetapi selepas tahun 1899 Filipina telah dijajah pula oleh Amerika Syarikat. Penentangan orang Filipina dengan mudah dapat dipatahkan Amerika dengan memecahkan pakatan antara golongan ilustrado dan pengikut 杙engikut revolusioner  Aguinaldo. Ini dilakukan dengan cara yang halus iaitu dengan membuat janji-janji bahawa di bawah pemerintahan Amerika segala pandangan dan aspirasi golongan terpelajar akan dipertimbangkan apabila membentuk kerajaan sendiri di Filipina nanti.

Amerika juga sekarang ingin memenuhi segala desakan-desakan golongan reformis terlebih dahulu dan sekiranya mereka mahu mereka akan diberi peranan penting untuk mentadbir Filipina. Apabila golonagn ilustrado menerima maka segala corak penentangan orang Filipina terhadap Amerika menjadi lemah dan akhirnya dalam tahun-tahun 1900.

fleurzsa

Sejarah Filipina secara umum dari tahun 1870-an sehinggalah masa Filipina dijajah oleh Amerika telah memperlihatkan beberapa perkara yang melibatkan politik dan sosial,ekonomi dan agama. Ketidakadilan dan penindasan pemerintahan Sepanyol terhadap rakyat Filipina telah mencetuskan semangat nasionalisme untuk menentang pemerintahan Sepanyol di Filipina.

Di dapati penggerak utama dalam proses perkembangan nasionalime di Filipina pada peringkat awalnya terdiri daripada golongan masyrakat kelas pertengahan dan terpelajar yang dikenali dengan panggilan ilusrado. Oleh yang demikian bayangan dan pancaran pemikiran masyarakat Filipina dari kelas pertengahan tadi. Perjuangan menuntut kemerdekaan daripada Sepanyol dimulakan dengan gerakan reformasi dan propaganda. Perjuangan bersifat sederhana. Mereka memeperjuangkan hak-hak sosial melalui gerakan pertubuhan dan penulisan.

Apabila tuntutan gerakan ini tidak mendapat layanan dan tindakan yang sepatutnya daripada Kerajaan Sepanyol sebaliknya cuba menyekat dengan menjatuhkan hukuman bunuh kepada Jose Rizal dan pejuang-pejuang gerakan propaganda. perjuangan mula berubah corak. Kegiatan yang bercorak militan dan revolusioner  mula digunakan untuk menentang Sepanyol.

Gerakan ini telah mendapat tentangan yang hebat daripada kerajaan Sepanyol dan berterusan sehinnggalah kedatangan Amerika menjajah Sepanyol.

sumber: Azlinah

Joe Hahn

macamana ngan perjuangan orang moro...

thamrong

[size=-2][size=-2][size=-2][size=-2][size=-2][size=-2][size=-2][size=-2][size=-2][size=-2]I found an old paperback copy of Magsaysay biography at my grandma's house. He is quite a character who portrayed himself as an unlettered president. My only knowledge of Philippine is only through the reading of General MacArthur's 'Reminiscence'. However, nothing much about the background of the country's past history. I am in the opinion that, no matter what, he is another imperialist warlord.

During my first visit to the 憃ld Manila

thamrong

Spanish Colony 1565 - 1898

The Philippines was not formally organized as a Spanish colony until 1565 when Philip II appointed Miguel Lopez de Legazpi the first Governor-General. Legazpi selected Manila for the capital of the colony in 1571 because of its fine natural harbour and the rich lands surrounding the city that could supply it with produce.

The Spanish did not develop the trade potential of the Philippine's agricultural or mineral resources. The colony was administered from Mexico and its commerce centered on the galleon trade between Canton and Acapulco in which Manila functioned secondarily as an entrepot. Smaller Chinese junks brought silk and porcelain from Canton to Manila where the cargoes were re-loaded on galleons bound for Acapulco and the Spanish colonies in the Americas. The Chinese goods were paid for in Mexican silver.

Spanish rule had two lasting effects on Philippine society; the near universal conversion of the population to Roman Catholicism and the creation of a landed elite. Although under the direct order of Philip II that the conversion of the Philippines to Christianity was not to be accomplished by force, the monastic orders of the Augustinians, Dominicans, Franciscans, Recollects and Jesuits set to their missionary duties with purpose. Unable to extirpate the indigenous pagan beliefs by coercion and fear, Philippine Catholicism incorporates a deep substrate of native customs and ritual.

While the missionaries spread through the colony to found their parishes and estates in the barangays, the officials of the civil administration preferred to stay in Manila and govern indirectly through the traditional barangay datu or village chief. Although the traditional kinship organization of the barangay had maintained the communal use of land, the Spanish governors brought with them their feudal notions of land tenure with "encomienderos" and subordinate vassals. The traditional village chiefs became a class of landed nobility wielding considerable local authority. The creation of a priviledged landed-holding elite on whom most of the rural population was dependent as landless tenants introduced a class division in Philippine society that has been the perennial source of social discontent and political strife ever since.

In most villages, the priest and the local "principale" or "notable" represented between them Spanish authority. The "friarocracy" of the religious orders and the oligarchy of the landholders were the twin pillars of colonial society whose main interests were in keeping their positions of authority and priviledge.

The Spanish hold on the Philippines first began to weaken in 1762 when the British briefly captured Manila during the Seven Years' War. In support of the British invasion, the long persecuted Chinese merchant community rose in revolt against the Spanish authority. The Treaty of Paris returned Manila to Spain at the end of the War but with increasing diversion of the China trade to Britain and, even more importantly, with an irretrievable loss of prestige and respect in the eyes of its Filipino subjects.

Spain had governed the colony for two hundred years in almost complete isolation from the outside world. The royal monopolies prohibited foreign ships from trading in the Philippines. After the Seven Years' War, in collusion with local merchants and officials, foreign ships and merchants could ever more easily circumvent the monopolies and enter the Philippine trade.

The colonial government had always operated at a financial loss that was sustained by subsidies from the galleon trade with Mexico. Increased competition with foreign traders finally brought the galleon trade with Acapulco to an end in 1815. After its recognition of Mexican independence in 1821, Spain was forced to govern the colony directly from Madrid and to find new sources of revenue to pay for the colonial administration.

thamrong

Jose Rizal Tokoh Nationalisme Filipina

Jos

hamizao

As I watched the Pinoy TV series last year, I was somewhat curious about the existence of a class of land owners living in haciendas. Their names are very Spanish and are possibly Spanish or of Spanish descent. I wondered about their history.

A quick look at the Library of Congress Country Studies site introduced me to this term "friarocracy".

It appears that the religious orders in Philippines had become by the eighteenth century the largest landholders in the islands, with their estates concentrated in the Central Luzon region. Land rents--paid often by Chinese mestizo inquilinos, who planted cash crops for export--provided them with the sort of income that enabled many friars to live like princes in palatial establishments.

Central to the friars' dominant position was their monopoly of education at all levels and thus their control over cultural and intellectual life. In 1863 the Spanish government decreed that a system of free public primary education be established in the islands, which could have been interpreted as a threat to this monopoly. The friars were given the responsibility of supervising the educational system both on the local and the national levels. The Jesuits were given control of the teacher-training colleges. Except for the Jesuits, the religious orders were strongly opposed to the teaching of modern foreign languages, including Spanish, and scientific and technical subjects to the indios (literally, Indians; the Spanish term for Filipinos).

The friarocracy seems to have had more than its share of personal irregularities, and the priestly vow of chastity often was honored in the breach. In the eyes of educated Filipino priests and laymen, however, most inexcusable was the friars' open attitude of contempt toward the people. By the late nineteenth century, their attitude was one of blatant racism. In the words of one friar, responding to the challenge of the ilustrados, "the only liberty the Indians want is the liberty of savages. Leave them to their cock-fighting and their indolence, and they will thank you more than if you load them down with old and new rights."

Well, it does appear that the Pinoys did have their share of pains in the hands of the colonials.

[ Last edited by hamizao at 18-2-2006 12:27 AM ]

Sephiroth

by hamizao

Well, it does appear that the Pinoys did have their share of pains in the hands of the colonials.

Unfortunately, many of them didn't learn anything from the experiences.

Unlike British who did have some senstivity toward Malays after incidents like the killing of G.W.W Bitch ... ahem ... Birch in Perak in 1820s, British decided to control Malays in much softer tone. They didn't touch religious issues and gave Malays small control over Tradition and their own fields while they ruled on the Background.

In Philiphines, ALL resistance were matched with the cruelty which Spanish were famous for. The attitude they brought to Mayans and Incas were brought to Philiphines also. Local culture and Tradition is prohibited and Martial Arts like Arnis is banned in fear that it will cause the people to revolt against them.

Today, many Philiphines desperately trying to attach themselves to some Spanish legacy. One way they do that is by changing their family names to some Spanish family name to show that they are a descendant of some "great" Spanish people.

Oh well ... Slave Mentality works in such way. ;)

hamizao

I found out that those living in the haciendas are descendents of the "mestizos" - offspring of Filipino-Chinese and Filipino-Spanish marriages called Chinese Mestizos and Spanish Mestizos respectively. They converted to Catholicism, speak Filipino languages or Spanish rather than Chinesa. They were originally active in the commercial sector mostly in the most developed provinces. Later when Spanish policy became more open, more Chinese imigrans arrived and the "mestizos" were forced to seek investment in land. Land was mostly owned by the religious orders - the friars. So they became lessess of the friars and sublet the land again to the cultivators.

In modern times, the "mestizos" being more wealthy compared to the rest of the local ppl became a class of ppl with education and more receptive to the idea of democracy.......

I suppose, the above represent only a very brief history of those ppl.

Anyone has more details?

[ Last edited by hamizao at 21-2-2006 07:13 PM ]

hamizao

Originally posted by Sephiroth at 18-2-2006 11:00 AM

Unfortunately, many of them didn't learn anything from the experiences.
...

Hi, Sephi....

I suppose you know some Filipinos?

thamrong

Spanish went to Philippine to find glory,gold and god. They didn't find glory, no gold except heathens who readily accepted their god...


[ Last edited by thamrong at 19-2-2006 11:23 PM ]

hamizao

In the course of Spanish colonization in the Philippines, the friars constructed opulent Baroque-style church edifices. These structures are still found today everywhere across the country and they symbolize the cultural influence of Spain in Filipino life. The opulence of these edifices was clearly visible in the ornate facades, paintings, and sculpture, as well as in the behavioral patterns of the people and in the intricate rituals associated with Roman Catholic churches. While it is true that the Spaniards exploited labor in the construction of the imposing Baroque-style sanctuaries for Roman Catholic worship, it is also true that these same edifices became the means by which Filipino artistic talents and inclinations were expressed. The carpenters, masons, craftsmen, and artisans were mainly Filipinos.

...by courtesy of Asia Finest.

When the Americans took over Philippines, they bought land from the Spanish missionary estates and the Pope and turned the land over to the Filipinos.

thamrong

Hamizao wrote:

When the Americans took over Philippines, they bought land from the Spanish missionary estates and the Pope and turned the land over to the Filipinos.

The American land reformed was not very successful. American hagemony brought in new form form of imperialism shroud under the thin veil of capitalism. The Pinoys revolted and subsequently subdued. Romencing on the Philippine history can be very  intresting....400 years of Spanish ruled produced  stupendous amount of written historical records written in Spanish. Sadly not many Pinoys can understand Spanish today.

thamrong

Assignment of ecclesiastical orders to run the country.

The role of the Church and State were inseparably linked in carrying out Spanish colonial policy. The state assumed administrative responsibility--funding expenditures and selecting personnel--for the new ecclesiastical establishments. More clerics were recruited then soldiers. Responsibility for conversion of the indigenous population to Christianity was assigned to several religious orders: the Dominicans, Franciscans, and Augustinians, known collectively as the friars-- and to the Jesuits. The friars have immense power in the day to day running of the colony and as such it can be conveniently said that it was a 'state within a state

hamizao

The class of "mestizos" was "created" both in the Philippines and the Americas as a division between  segments of the population hence a social structure which  enabled the Spanish to maintain control. The Spanish gave different treatment towards these people. People further down the social structure (the native Filipinos) were often mistreated and abused but blame was conveniently transferred to the victim instead.At the top of the social structure was ofcourse the Spanish.

However, the status of the "mestizos" was not such a guaranteed one. As such many were willing to become artisan or "servants" to the Spanish. In the Haciendas they took up supervisory positions and manage the haciendas.

[ Last edited by hamizao at 21-2-2006 12:38 PM ]

thamrong

Friarocracy

Munkin ada dikalangan kita kurang mengerti apa yang dimaksudkan dengan istilah 'friarocracy' dalam thread ini. Friarocracy berasal dari perkataan 'friar' yang bermaksud rahib. Ia juga termasuk padri,cleric dan priest. Friarocracy bermaksud sistem pemerintahan dan pentadbiran daerah, provinsi dan kawasan yangdikuasi oleh gulungan atau himpunan rahib.

Spanyol gagal dalam mencari kegemilangan dan kekayaan sepanjang kolonialismanya di bumi Philipina. Tiada 'El Dorado' emas impiansaperti di Maxico dan Peru dan gagal dalam perdagangan kerana monopoli Inggeris dan Belanda di Kepulauan Rempah. Dagangan cuma terhad kapada barangan Cina di Manila sahaja.Penghantaran sungguh sukar sekali kerana terpaksa mengharungi lautan Pasifik dan mendarat ke Acapulco, barat Mexico, sebelum ke Spanyol.

Dalam mengembangan agama kristian Spanyol sungguh berjaya sekali dalam 300 tahun pemerintahannya kecuali di Pulau Mindanao. Ini dilakukan melalui friar dari Himpunan Katholik (Catholic Order) Augustinian, Dominican dan Franciscans. Sungguh berkesan sekali hinggai gulungan friar ini di beri kuasa eksekutif dalam semua urusan kerajaan diperingkat daerah dan tempatan. Friar bertanggung jawab dalam urusan pendidikan dan kesihantan rayaat, menyimpan rekod banci dan kutipan cukai, pemilihan anggota polis dan kerajaan tempatan. Kerana luasnya kuasa diberikan maka timbullah koflik gereja di Philipina. Penyelewengan dan korupsi oleh ahli-ahlli gereja ini berluasa hingga munculnya sistem feudal 'ala Spanish atau Mexico' yang mana friar-friar ini menjadi tuan punya tanah dan menganuti cara hidup sekular. Pemerintahan cara 'friarocracy' terus berlaku hingga akhir abad kesembilan belas. :hmm::hmm:

[ Last edited by thamrong at 21-2-2006 02:19 PM ]

hamizao

Originally posted by thamrong at 19-2-2006 03:58 PM
Spanish went to Philippine to find glory,gold and god. They didn't find glory, no gold except heathens who readily accepted their god...
[img]http://img109.imageshack.us/img109/9343/bow2as.gif[/im ...

Yeap, no precious metal and no spice either and they also found the Muslim South more than meet their match .....a reminisence of their experience back home???