The Focke-Wulf Ta 283 was an unbuilt German jet fighter designed during WWII. Power was to be provided by a Walter HWK rocket engine for take-off and two Pabst ramjets. The ramjets were located on the tips of the sharply swept tailplanes and would be used for cruising. The wings were swept at 45 degrees. Armament was to be two MK 108 30mm cannon.
This ramjet-powered fighter had along, pointed nose and the cockpit was faired in to the large vertical fin. It was to be powered by a Walter HWK rocket engine for take-off and two Pabst ramjets once operating speed was reached. The wings were mounted low on the fuselage and were swept back at 45 degrees. The ramjets were located on the tips of the sharply swept tailplanes to avoid any disturbance of the airflow. The aircraft sat very low on a retractable nose wheel undercarriage. Armament was to be two MK 108 30mm cannon.
Hitler percaya bahawa kaum purba terdahulu mempunyai tahap teknology yang lebih hebat daripada orang pada tahun 1940an.
Tahukah anda bahawa bandar Mohenjodaro di India musnah akibat letupan nuklear ribuan tahun dahulu? Ahli saintis menemui kesan sisa-sisa radioaktif di sana. Sila rujuk google.
Tahukah anda bahawa Piramid Giza masih merupakan sebuah binaan manusia yang paling tepat dan paling halus binaannya? Ketepatan setiap bongkah blok batu dipotong pada ketepatan lazer yang dikawal oleh komputer. Mustahil potong pakai pahat batu untuk mendapat ketepatan sebegitu.
Apakah artifak yang saintis Nazi temui di dalam Bahtera Nabi Nuh? Mereka ke sana dan mereka membawa pulang sesuatu.
StG 44 '' Sturmgewehr 44 '' (Assault Rifle Model 1944)
The StG 44 (Sturmgewehr 44 or "assault rifle model 1944") was an assault rifle developed in Nazi Germany during World War II and was the first of its kind to see major deployment. It is also known under the designations MP 43 and MP 44 (Maschinenpistole 43, Maschinenpistole 44 respectively), which denotes earlier development versions of the same weapon.
MP 43, MP 44, and StG 44 were different designations for what was essentially the same rifle, with minor updates in production. The variety in nomenclatures resulted from complicated circumstances in Nazi Germany. Developed from the Mkb 42(H) "machine carbine", the StG44 combined the characteristics of a carbine, submachine gun and automatic rifle. StG is an abbreviation of Sturmgewehr. The name was chosen for propaganda reasons and literally means storm rifle as in "to storm an enemy position" (i.e. "assault", leading to the modern terminology "assault rifle"). After the adoption of the StG 44, the English translation "assault rifle" became the accepted designation for this type of infantry small arm.
The rifle was chambered for the 7.92x33mm Kurz cartridge, also known as 7.92 mm Kurz (German for "short"). This shorter version of the German standard (7.92x57mm Mauser) rifle round, in combination with the weapon's selective-fire design, provided a compromise between the controllable firepower of a submachine gun at close quarters with the accuracy and power of a Karabiner 98k bolt action rifle at intermediate ranges. While the StG44 had less range and power than the more powerful infantry rifles of the day, Wehrmacht studies had shown that most combat engagements occurred at less than 300 m with the majority within 200 m. Full-power rifle cartridges were overpowered for the vast majority of uses for the average soldier.
The StG 44's receiver was made of heavy stamped and welded steel as were other contemporary arms such as the MP 40 and MG 42. This made for a fairly heavy rifle, especially one firing an intermediate-power cartridge. Difficulties with fabrication, the need to use available non-priority steels, and the exigencies of war resulted in a heavy receiver. U.S. military intelligence criticized the weight of the weapon along with the inclusion of the fully automatic feature which it considered "ineffectual for all practical purposes." The British were also critical saying that the receiver could be bent and the bolt locked up by the mere act of knocking a leaning rifle onto a hard floor. Many of these criticisms are more a testimonial of the Allied aversion rather than an accurate view of the weapon's characteristics which were proven during combat in the war. To its credit, it was the first weapon of its class, and the concept had a major impact on modern infantry small arms development. By all accounts, the StG44 fulfilled its role admirably, particularly on the Eastern Front, offering a greatly increased volume of fire compared to standard infantry rifles. In the end, it came too late to have a significant effect on the outcome of the war.
Originally posted by WonBin at 19-5-2009 20:42
Hitler percaya bahawa kaum purba terdahulu mempunyai tahap teknology yang lebih hebat daripada orang pada tahun 1940an.
Tahukah anda bahawa bandar Mohenjodaro di India musnah akibat letupan nu ...
Tak lah.Bandar tu bukan kena letupan nuklear,Tapi bandar tu kena hembus PAWANA mcm lagu Search tu.He he he.
Originally posted by WonBin at 19-5-2009 20:42
Hitler percaya bahawa kaum purba terdahulu mempunyai tahap teknology yang lebih hebat daripada orang pada tahun 1940an.
Tahukah anda bahawa bandar Mohenjodaro di India musnah akibat letupan nu ...
In 1939, Ernst Heinkel began the jet age with the first successful flight of the He 178. Flown by Erich Warsitz, the He 178 was powered by a turbojet engine designed by Hans von Ohain. Long interested in high-speed flight, Heinkel presented the He 178 to the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Reich Air Ministry, RLM) for further evaluation. Demonstrating the aircraft for RLM leaders Ernst Udet and Erhard Milch, Heinkel was disappointed when neither showed much interest. Little support could be found from RLM's superiors as Hermann Göring preferred to endorse piston-engine fighters of proven design.
Undeterred, Heinkel began moving forward with a purpose-built fighter that would incorporate the He 178's jet technology. Beginning in late 1939, the project was designated He 180. The initial result was a traditional looking aircraft with two engines mounted in nacelles under the wings. Like many Heinkel designs the He 180 featured elliptically-shaped wings and a dihedral tailplane with twin fins and rudders. Other features of the design included a tricycle landing gear configuration and the world's first ejection seat. Designed by a team led by Rober Lusser, the He 180 prototype was complete by summer 1940.
While Lusser's team was making progress, engineers at Heinkel were encountering problems with the Heinkel HeS 8 engine which was intended to power the fighter. As a result, initial work with the prototype was limited to unpowered, glide tests which began on September 22, 1940. It was not until March 30, 1941, that test pilot Fritz Schäfer took the aircraft up under its own power. Redesignated the He 280, the new fighter was demonstrated for Udet on April 5, but, as with the He 178, it failed to earn his active support.
In another attempt to earn RLM's blessing, Heinkel organized a competition flight between the He 280 and a piston-engine Focke-Wulf Fw 190. Flying an oval course, the He 280 completed four laps before the Fw 190 had finished three. Again rebuffed, Heinkel redesigned the airframe making it smaller and lighter. This worked well with the lower thrust jet engines then available. Working with limited funding, Heinkel continued to refine and improve its engine technology. On January 13, 1942, test pilot Helmut Schenk became the first to successfully use the ejection seat when he was forced to abandon his aircraft.
As designers struggled with the HeS 8 engine, other power plants, such as the V-1's Argus As 014 pulsejet were considered for the He 280. In 1942, a third version of the HeS 8 was developed and placed in the aircraft. On December 22, another demonstration was organized for RLM which featured a mock dog fight between the He 280 and the Fw 190. During the demonstration, the He 280 defeated the Fw 190, as well as showed impressive speed and maneuverability. Finally excited about the He 280's potential, RLM ordered 20 test aircraft, with a follow-on order for 300 production aircraft.
As Heinkel moved forward, problems continued to plague the HeS 8. As a result, the decision was made to abandon the engine in favor of the more advanced HeS 011. This led to delays in the He 280 program and Heinkel was forced to accept that another companies' engines would need to be used. After assessing the BMW 003, the decision was made to use the Junkers Jumo 004 engine. Larger and heavier than the Heinkel engines, the Jumo drastically reduced the He 280's performance. The aircraft flew for the first time with the Jumo engines on March 16, 1943.
With the reduced performance caused by the use of the Jumo engines, the He 280 was at a severe disadvantage to its primary competitor, the Messerschmitt Me 262. Several days later, on March 27, Milch ordered Heinkel to cancel the He 280 program and focus on bomber design and production. Angered by RLM's treatment of the He 280, Ernst Heinkel remained bitter about the project until his death in 1958. Only nine He 280s were ever built.
Had Udet and Milch seized upon the He 280's potential in 1941, the aircraft would have been in frontline service more than a year earlier than the Me 262. Equipped with three 30mm cannon and capable of 512 mph, the He 280 would have provided a bridge between the Fw 190 and Me 262, as well as would have permitted the Luftwaffe to maintain air superiority over Europe at a time when the Allies would have lacked a comparable aircraft. While engine issues plagued the He 280, this was a constant issue with early jet engine design in Germany.
In most cases, government funding was lacking at the key early stages of development. Had Udet and Milch initially backed the aircraft, the engine problems most likely could have been rectified as part of an expanded jet engine program. Fortunately for the Allies, this was not the case and a new generation of piston-engine fighters allowed them to take control of the skies from the Germans. The Luftwaffe would not field an effective jet fighter until the Me 262, which appeared in the war's final stages and was unable to significantly influence its outcome.
Bapa program angkasa lepas USA yg menjadi org penting dlm kejayaan projek ke bulan USA semasa tahun 1960an, Wernher von Braun adalah saintis roket dlm Nazi research team. Selepas Nazi tumbang, USA & Soviet Union berlumba2 utk tangkap saintis & engineer Nazi utk program roket dorg. USA dpt Wernher von Braun dan kawan2nya, sebahagian lagi pergi Soviet Union.
In 1937 Doctor Alexander Lippisch assumed the leadership of a design team developing the RLM's Projekt X, which was eventually to become the Me 163 rocket-powered interceptor. Five years later he left the project, just as the first Komet production prototypes were being completed, to lead another research team consisting of students of aircraft construction from Darmstadt and Munich universities.
Working with the help of the DFS on a program intended to lead to the development of a fast interceptor, Lippisch and the students produced a series of revolutionary aircraft, designated with a DM prefix in recognition of the two universities. The DM-1 Experimental Glider prototype of the P-13a Supersonic Fighter was found in an incomplete state at the end of the war by the Americans.
Construction work had started on the DM-1 flying testbed in November 1944. A pure delta with 60 swept leading edges, it was to be used initially as a glider to investigate flight characteristics of this unique configuration. Fin and rudder shape mirrored that of the wings, and the pilot was accommodated in a cockpit at the base of the fin.
It was the end of the war that prevented further development beyond this un powered DM-1 test glider. The Americans shipped the prototype back to the USA for completion and flight testing, and the resulting data were incorporated into the design of the many US delta-wing aircraft. After the war, Lippisch, working with American aircraft designer Convair, developed and tested the XF-92 based on his designs, leading to the eventual adoption of the F-102 Delta Dagger and its successor, the F-106 Delta Dart.
Lippisch DM-1 Mistels
It was originally intended to carry the DM-1 on the back of a Siebel Si 204 to a height of 25,900 ft, from which it would dive to an anticipated speed of 348 mph. At a later stage the DM- 1 was to be flown at a speed of 497 mph under the power of a rocket motor. At the other end of the speed range, the aerodynamic characteristics of this little single-seat aircraft were such that a landing speed of only 44 mph was expected.
Sekarang nih aku rasa kereta Audi lah yang paling canggih. Lampu depan (headlight) pon pakai LED,tak main pakai mentol. Cuba tengok Audi Q7 yang Tuk CT pakai .....
PEMILIK kenderaan Volkswagen 'Beetle' mungkin boleh berbangga kenderaan mereka asalnya dicipta Ferdinand Porsche, orang sama yang menghasilkan kereta mewah berprestasi tinggi terhebat di dunia, Porsche.
Kewujudan Beetle atau nama sebenarnya, Volkswagen Type 1 adalah kereta ekonomi yang dihasilkan pengeluar kereta Jerman, Volkswagen dari tahun 1938 sehingga 2003.
Selain Type 1, ia turut dikenali dengan nama 1200, 1300 atau 1500 di Eropah, merujuk kepada saiz enjinnya dalam sentimeter padu.
Bermula pada tahun 1931, Ferdinand dan Zundapp membangunkan 'Auto fur Jedermann' yang membawa maksud kereta untuk semua orang dan menggunakan Volkswagen sebagai nama kenderaan ciptaan mereka.
Peringkat awal ciptaannya, Ferdinand lebih gemar menggunakan enjin empat silinder rata sejukan udara tetapi Zundapp lebih suka menggunakan enjin jejari lima silinder sejukan cecair.
Setahun selepas itu, tiga prototaip awal Volkswagen diuji dan berjaya menghasilkan sebuah kenderaan rakyat yang sesuai pada zaman terbabit.
Pada tahun 1933, Adolf Hitler menghantar lakaran kepada Ferdinand bagi cadangan model 'Kereta Rakyat', sebuah kereta asas yang mampu mengangkut dua penumpang dewasa dan tiga kanak-kanak pada kelajuan 100 kilometer sejam (km/j).
Kereta Rakyat itu mampu dibeli rakyat Jerman Nazi melalui skim simpanan dengan harga serendah 990 mark, hampir sama dengan harga sebuah motosikal kecil ketika itu.
Iklan 'Anda perlu menyimpan lima mark seminggu jika ingin memandu kereta' menjadikan Volkswagen sebagai sebuah kenderaan pilihan ramai.
Ketika Perang Dunia Kedua melanda, tiga model kenderaan prototaip terbabit hilang manakala yang terakhir ditemui pada tahun 1945 sebelum serangan bom di Stuttgart, Jerman yang melenyapkan sama sekali model asal 'kereta rakyat' berkenaan.
Kejatuhan Hitler dan empayar Nazi menyebabkan Volkswagen terus tenggelam bersama pengasasnya sehinggalah pada tahun 1967 apabila kereta itu dilahirkan semula.
Selepas 1967, barulah Volkswagen menggunakan nama 'Beetle' and 'Bug' secara rasmi dan diterima ramai dalam masa yang singkat di Amerika Syarikat dan dunia.
Volkswagen Beetle melalui perubahan ketara bagi model tahun 1967 walaupun kereta tersebut kelihatan sama seperti model asal tetapi sistem aliran kuasanya dipertingkatkan.
Antara perubahan pada Beetle termasuklah enjin yang lebih besar pada tahun berikutnya seperti kuasa kuda ditingkatkan daripada 50 hp kepada 53 hp.
Selain itu, penjana elektrik turut diperbaharui daripada 180 kepada 360 watt dan sistem elektrik dipertingkatkan daripada sistem enam volt kepada 12 volt.
Beberapa perubahan lagi turut berubah apabila saiz cakera klac ditingkatkan, roda tenaga, sistem brek dan gandar belakang.
Peralatan wajib baru termasuklah pengelap cermin hadapan 2 kelajuan, lampu sandaran, alas lengan pemandu pada pintu, punat pengunci pintu, lampu hadapan serta cermin sisi di bahagian pemandu.
Harga bagi model tersebut ketika itu sekitar AS$1,640 (RM6,068) dengan berat 840 kilogram, berat lazim bagi kereta buatan Eropah.
Kelajuan maksimum ialah 130 km/j dan mencukupi apabila dipadankan dengan had laju maksimum 110 km/j di lebuh raya Amerika Syarikat.
Pada Pertunjukan Kereta Antarabangsa Amerika Utara 1994, Volkswagen menampilkan 'Concept 1' yang berkonsepkan reka bentuk futuristik tetapi mirip model asal Beetle.
Reaksi menggalakkan daripada orang ramai terhadap kenderaan konsep itu menyebabkan syarikat pengeluar kereta tersebut melancarkan Beetle baru hasil rekaan Mays dan Freeman Thomas di studio di California.
Concept 1 adalah model pertama dikeluarkan selepas 20 tahun Beetle terakhir dijual di Amerika Syarikat.
Beetle baru dikeluarkan di kilang Volkswagen di Puebla, Mexico pada tahun 2000.
Model terbaru ini didatangkan dengan enjin sejukan cecair di hadapan kereta yang dipacu roda hadapan dan hanya berkait dengan model asal pada nama, bentuk umum serta beberapa reka bentuk.
Ia adalah sebuah kereta moden berasaskan platform Volkswagen A.
Kini, Volkswagen mengecapi zaman kegemilangannya dan semakin digilai semula dengan reka bentuk asal tetapi dipertingkatkan dari segi teknologi, keupayaan dan taraf.
Volkswagen Beetle bukan lagi dikenali sebagai kereta rakyat tetapi satu kenderaan untuk golongan berpendapatan mewah.
Post time 18-5-2009 06:11 PM
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