Asia was populated primarily through a single migration event from the south.

jf_pratama

The study indicates that all of Asia was populated through one migration event
BBC 11 Dec 2009

An international scientific effort has revealed the genetics behind Asia's diversity. The Human Genome Organisation's (HUGO) Pan-Asian SNP Consortium carried out a study of almost 2,000 people across the continent.  Their findings support the hypothesis that Asia was populated primarily through a single migration event from the south.

The researchers described their findings in the journal Science. They found genetic similarities between populations throughout Asia and an increase in genetic diversity from northern to southern latitudes.

The team screened genetic samples from 73 Asian populations for more than 50,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These are variations in pieces of the DNA code, which can be compared to find out how closely related two individuals are genetically.

This is the first study to give a clear answer to the question on the origin of East Asian populations

The study found that, as expected, individuals who were from the same region, or who shared a common language also had a great deal in common genetically. But it also answered a question about the origin of Asia's population. It showed that the continent was likely populated primarily through a single migration event from the south.

Previously, there has been some debate about whether Asia was populated in two waves - one to South East Asia, and a later one to central and north-east Asia, or whether only a single migration occurred.

Diversity explained Edison Liu from the Genome Institute of Singapore was a leading member of the consortium.  He explained that the age of a population has a much bigger effect on genetic diversity than the population size.

"It seems likely from our data that they entered South East Asia first - making these populations older [and therefore more diverse]," he said.   

"[It continued] later and probably more slowly to the north, with diversity being lost along the way in these 'younger' populations.

"So although the Chinese population is very large, it has less variation than the smaller number of individuals living in South East Asia, because the Chinese expansion occurred very recently, following the development of rice agriculture - within only the last 10,000 years.". Dr Liu said that it was "good news" that populations throughout Asia are genetically similar.   

This knowledge will aid future genetic studies in the continent and help in the design of medicines to treat diseases that Asian populations might be at a higher risk of.   And the discovery of this common genetic heritage, he added, was a "reassuring social message", that "robbed racism of much biological support".

This provides another important piece to the jigsaw puzzle of global human diversity

Peter Underhill, Stanford University. Shuhua Xu from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, who was a member of the consortium, said
that this was "the first comprehensive study of genetic diversity and history of Asian populations".

"This is the first study to give a clear answer to the question on the origin of East Asian populations," Dr Xu added. Vincent Macaulay, a statistical geneticist at the University of Glasgow in the UK told Science magazine that the team had produced "a fabulous data set".   The evidence for the southern coastal migration route, he said seemed "very strong".

The consortium involved 90 scientists from 11 countries including China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and the US. Peter Underhill, a geneticist from Stanford University who was not involved in this study said that it represented an investment of a "tremendous amount of time, work and inter-institution collaboration".   He told BBC News: "This provides another important piece to the jigsaw puzzle of global human diversity."

Ternyata penduduk China daratan berimigrasi dari Asia Tenggara ...

Penemuan menarik .... Makin tua peradaban, maka akan makin beragam (Asia Tenggara), sedangkan makin ke utara (ke China) akan makin seragam (Peradaban lebih muda)

Acong

artikel lain pula kata migrasi bermula dari india............




penin pala daa..........

jf_pratama

artikel lain pula kata migrasi bermula dari india............
penin pala daa..........
Acong Post at 21-12-2009 01:53

India is 'thailand' to Asia, say scientists
Asia Times Online,
By Raja Murthy

MUMBAI - Since "thai" means "mother" in classical Tamil, the language of the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu and said to be the oldest living language in the world, "thailand" means motherland. However, India could be an ancient "motherland" of Thailand and Asia in a more literal sense, according to a new investigative study, "'Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia"

The findings, from an unprecedented collaboration of over 80 researchers and 40 scientific institutions across Asia [1], reveal a twist in the history of human migration. It points to India, then Thailand and Southeast Asia, being the ancestral home to most Asians.

The paper, titled "Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia", published in the Science journal issue of December 10, is the first of its kind on Asian populations. Undertaken by the Singapore-based Human Genome Organization (HUGO), the study follows earlier multiple genetic studies on European populations.

The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium, as the project is called, overturns accepted knowledge that multiple migrations of populations directly went to East Asian countries from Africa, nearly a hundred thousand years ago.

According to the new study, Dravidians - the race of people who inhabit south India, including Tamils - could be a common ancestral link to most modern-day Asians.

The news would be an early mega Christmas gift to chauvinistic Dravidian political parties, such as the Dravida Munnetra Kazhalgam (DMK, or the Dravidian Progressive Party) and its 85-year-old chief, Muthuvel Karunanidhi, currently ruling Tamil Nadu.

Historically, Dravidians are considered India's original settlers. A more disputed theory says Dravidians were the original inhabitants of the Indus Valley civilization. Aryan invaders from Europe pushed them south of the Vindhaya Mountains into the Deccan Plateau in southern India, over 3,500 years ago.

But while the new HUGO study could support anthropological knowledge of Aryans invading India, the findings also say modern India shares a closer genetic ancestry with Europe than with Asia. "Most of the Indian populations showed evidence of shared ancestry with European populations," observed page four of the six-page report in Science.

"The current Indians received more genetic input from Aryan invasions which brought more Caucasian genes," says Dr Edison Liu, executive director at the Genome Institute of Singapore and president of HUGO. "So in fact, excluding modern-day Indians, there is clear indication that we are all genetically related in Asia."
Modern-day Indians, Liu says, would mean those in post-Aryan India. In effect, the new HUGO study could point to India having a large Eurasian population, like Russia.

"We have redefined the genetic history of Asian migration," declared Liu. "reviously, it was thought - because of archaeological, anthropological, and limited genetic data - that Asia was populated by two waves of migration. One wave was from Southeast Asia, called the Southern route, and the second from Central Asia, called the Northern route."

Liu informed Asia Times Online that the HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium findings now point to a single wave of migration from Southeast Asia. "This places disparate ethnic groups like the Negritos [in the Philippines], Dayaks [in Borneo, Indonesia] etc. within the Asian fold," says Liu. "The reconstruction is out of Africa to India."

Caucasians and Asians were then divided, with the Caucasians moving to the Levant, or the Asian side of the Mediterranean Sea. The people wave continued to India, and then to Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines. From Southeast Asia, settlers migrated to other parts of Asia, including China.

If the study is accurate, the Han Chinese - the single-largest ethnic group in Asia and in the world - have ancestral linkages to southern China, northern Thailand and earlier in India.

Sections of the Indian media highlighted the Chinese angle in the HUGO report. The Times of India, with a readership of 13.3 million, headlined its report as "Ancestors of Chinese came from India: Study". The Mumbai-based Daily News and Analysis went further, calling its report "The Chinese evolved from Indians: Study".

So do Chinese have Indian ancestors? "It is probably more correct to say that Dravidians [in southern India] and Chinese had common ancestors, than to say that Chinese ancestors originated in India," said Liu, who was born in Hong Kong and emigrated to the United States in 1957.

"What we are seeing is the transit of our ancestors in their travels out of Africa through India and into Southeast Asia and North Asia," Liu explained. "Along the way, they deposited progeny that later expanded, or contracted."

Benefits from the findings include unified health solutions across Asia. A common ancestral link enables clinical trials for medicines that would be applicable across a wider region. Liu has worked on leukemia and breast cancer research at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

"This research is also significant for furthering the research in medicine," Samir Brahmachari, director general of the New Delhi-based Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, told Indian media.

"The findings have great potential for collaboration with these countries in finding treatment to many diseases like flu, HIV and other pandemics," said Brahmachari, who is also a member of the 18-person HUGO governing council, and a professor of molecular biophysics and genetic engineering.

"The paper not only presents a fantastic genotype database but also provides vital clues to scientists of diverse fields - from linguistics to archeology to human genetics," says Vikrant Kumar, a post doctoral fellow of the Genome Institute, Singapore, and an investigator in the study.

Kumar, who earned his doctorate from the University of Calcutta, calls this the only effort of its kind where 73 populations scattered across 10 Asian countries are studied together. About 2,000 samples covering almost the "entire spectrum of linguistic and ethnic diversity" were genotyped for about 50,000 single nucleotide polymorphic markers, [2] he said.

Apart from redefining the migratory origins of Asian people, the HUGO project marked a new high in pan-Asian scientific collaboration. "This study was very unusual," Liu says. "erhaps the proudest achievement was that 10 Asian countries mounted this study on our own steam, funded and completed it internally, with each member working as equal partners."

Liu, whose academic career includes stints at Washington University, Stanford University, University of California and University of North Carolina, calls this study a "milestone not only in the science that emerged, but the consortium that was formed. We overcame shortage of funds and diverse operational constraints through partnerships, good will, and cultural sensitivity."

One of the hurdles was the disparity in technological access among the project team in various countries, with their varying access to expensive technologies. The problem was resolved by developing a host-guest structure, in which the technologically better off countries hosted working scientists with lesser technology access.

"We transferred technologies, expanded capabilities, forged friendships and now have an Asian scientific network of considerable worth," says Liu, a nice enough initial outcome of a project that found a common ancestral link to Asians.

Notes
1. Apart from over 80 individual researchers and scientists, the project involved 40 leading scientific organizations in Asia. It included Malaysia's Human Genome Center in Kelantan; India's Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in New Delhi; Thailand's National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology in Pathumtani; the Korean BioInformation Center in Deajeon; the University of Philippines in Manila; Taiwan's Institute of Biomedical Sciences; the Genome Institute of Singapore; Japan's National Institute of Genetics and the Chinese Academy of Medical Science.

2. A genetic marker, a gene or a known DNA sequence in a chromosome (a chromosome is a DNA unit found in cells), can be detected in the blood and are generally used to see if an individual or a group are vulnerable to a particular disease. A genetic marker may be a short DNA sequence (single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP), or a long DNA sequence.

The shorter SNP (pronounced snip) - used in this study - refers to a variation of genetic traits within an individual or a group. The study used 54,974 SNPs from 1928 persons representing 73 Asian populations. SNPs are the most frequent type of DNA variation. The HUGO study used the 'Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 50K Xba Array' technology to analyze SNPs. The Affymetrix technology is available to scan SNPs of various densities, from 10,204 SNPs to a million.

genot

hmmm, dalam kitab Hindu ada cakap kaum Kirata n Naga pong kena sepak dengan Aryan.... Naga, asal dari Kashmir. Kirata plak masuk bawah etnik Tibeto-Burman. Orang India berhubung dengan Tanah Besar China ikot jalan darat melalui kawasan orang Kirata. Kirata n Naga masuk bawah golongan Mongol.

aku slalu rasa naga ni sbenarnya generic term untuk orang Mon-Khmer. sbab lagenda Phra Thoung n Neang Naaag Soma kat Cambodia sana mcm kebetulan jer.

genot

Thai/Tai maksud dia "Orang" dalam basa Tai-Lao. memang basa Tamil, Thaiyyi maksud dia Ibu, tapi orang Tamil slalu panggil mak dorang, Ammmmma jer, tu yg aku slalu dengar, Thaiyyi tu lebih refer kat Prithvi (Ibu Pertiwi). Tafsiran moden Thailand, maksud dia "Land of Freedom." Thai = Iksrahhhh = Liberty, Freedom.

genot

Nah Ibu Pertiwi Siam...... Phra Mae Thurani

sekngucing

jadi oeg mon khmer ialah kaum naga yg sebenarnya? sellau naga-naga ni dikaitkan dgn china

genot

Naga simbol kepada dunia bawah... x semestinya dikaitkan dengan Cina...... Naga maksud dia Ular Besar..... Sama makna dengan Merong yang nama hikayat lisan negeri Kedah tu... kata orang yg bukak kitab Hindu, Naga masuk dalam kaum Mongol gax...... ada kisah orang India, yang kata ada satu kaum atau puak orang asli di India tu ada ilmu yg boleh tukar dorang jadik Ular atau Naga, yang cerita Nagin tu.

Musuh naga atau ular tu adalah burung Geroda..... Geroda makan bangkai tu simbol kepada orang Aryan atau penyembah dewa Vishnu. Orang Hindu aliran Vishnu ni pernah buat pembunuhan besar2an orang2 yang ikot aliran dewa Siva di India..... orang yang ikot aliran dewa Siva ni banyak ada keturunan Kirata (Tibet-Burma) n Naga (mungkin Mon-Khmer).....

Acong

bestnya info.........!!! :pompom: