Operating System

Operating System

An Operating System or OS is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer Operating System a computer and software programs would be useless.  

OPERATING SYSTEM ABCs

An Operating System or OS is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer Operating System a computer would be useless.

OPERATING SYSTEM TYPES

As computers have progressed and developed so have the types of operating systems. Below is a basic list of the different types of operating systems and a few examples of Operating Systems that fall into each of the categories.  Many computer Operating Systems will fall into more then one of the below categories.

GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface a GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated using by using a computer mouse. See our GUI dictionary definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of GUI Operating Systems.

System 7.x
Windows 98
Windows CE

Multi-user - A multi-user Operating System allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and/or different times. See our multi-user dictionary definition for a complete definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of multi-user Operating Systems.

Multiprocessing - An Operating System capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer processor. Below are some examples of multiprocessing Operating Systems.

Multitasking - An Operating systems that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to be run at the same time. Below are some examples of multitasking Operating Systems.

Multithreading - Operating systems that allow different parts of a software program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this category are:

OPERATING SYSTEM LISTINGS
AIX / AIXL   
BSD   
Caldera Linux   
Corel Linux  l
Debian Linux   
DUNIX  l
DYNIX/ptx   
HP-UX   
IRIX   
Kondara Linux   
Linux  
MAC OS 8  
MAC OS 9  
MAC OS 10  
Mandrake Linux  
MINIX   
MS-DOS 1.x  
MS-DOS 2.x
MS-DOS 3.x  
MS-DOS 4.x  
MS-DOS 5.x  
MS-DOS 6.x  
OSF/1   
QNX  
Red Hat Linux   
SCO  
Slackware Linux  
Sun Solaris  
SuSE Linux  
System 1  
System 2  
System 3  
System 4
System 6  
System 7  
System V   
Tru64 UNIX   
Turbolinux  
Ultrix   
Unisys  
UNIX  
UnixWare  
VectorLinux  
Windows 2000  
Windows 3.X  
Windows 95  
Windows 98  
Windows CE
Windows ME  
Windows NT  
Windows XP
Xenix

COMPUTER HISTORY
History of Apple Macintosh Operating Systems

Year  Event
1984   Apple introduces System 1.
1985   Apple introduces System 2.
1986   Apple introduces System 3.
1987   Apple introduces System 4.
1988   Apple introduces System 6.
1990   Apple introduces System 7.
1997   Apple introduces Mac OS 8.
1999   Apple introduces Mac OS 9.
2001   Apple introduces Mac OS X 10.0 code named Cheetah.  
2001   Apple introduces Mac OS X 10.1 code named Puma.
2002   Apple introduces Mac OS X 10.2 code named Jaguar.
2003   Apple introduces Mac OS X 10.3 code named Panther October 25, 2003.

COMPUTER HISTORY
History of Microsoft Windows

Year   Event
1983   Microsoft Windows was announced November, 1983 and sells for $100.00.
1985   Microsoft Windows 1.0 is introduced in November, 1985 and is initially sold for $100.00.
1987   Microsoft Windows 2.0 was released December 9, 1987 and is initially sold for $100.00.
1987   Microsoft Windows/386 or Windows 386 is introduced December 9, 1987 and is initially sold for $100.00.
1988   Microsoft Windows/286 or Windows 286 is introduced June, 1988 and is initially sold for $100.00.
1990   Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released May, 22 1990. Microsoft Windows 3.0 full version was priced at $149.95 and the upgrade version was priced at $79.95.
1991   Microsoft Windows 3.0 or Windows 3.0a with multimedia was released October, 1991.
1992   Microsoft Windows 3.1 was released April, 1992 and sells more than 1 Million copies within the first two months of its release.
1992   Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.1 was released October, 1992.
1993   Microsoft Windows NT 3.1 was released August, 1993.
1993   The number of licensed users of Microsoft Windows now totals more then 25 Million.
1994   Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was released February, 1994.
1994   Microsoft Windows NT 3.5 was released September, 1994.
1995   Microsoft Windows NT 3.51 was released June, 1995.
1995   Microsoft Windows 95 was released August, 1995 and sells more than 1 Million copies within 4 days.
1996   Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 was released August, 1996.
1996   Microsoft Windows CE 1.0 was released November, 1996.
1997   Microsoft Windows CE 2.0 was released November, 1997.
1998   Microsoft Windows 98 was released June, 1998.
1998   Microsoft Windows CE 2.1 was released July, 1998.
1999   Microsoft Windows 98 SE (Second Edition) was released May, 1999.
1999   Microsoft Windows CE 3.0 was released 1999.
2000   Microsoft Windows 2000 was released February 2000.
2000   Microsoft Windows ME (Millennium) released July 2000.
2001   Microsoft Windows XP is released October 25, 2001.

COMPUTER HISTORY
History of Microsoft DOS

Year   Event
1981   MS-DOS 1.0 was released August, 1981.
1982   MS-DOS 1.25 was released August, 1982.
1983   MS-DOS 2.0 was released March, 1983.
1984   Microsoft introduces MS-DOS 3.0 for the IBM PC AT and MS-DOS 3.1 for networks.
1986   MS-DOS 3.2 was released April, 1986.
1987   MS-DOS 3.3 was released April, 1987.
1988   MS-DOS 4.0 was released July, 1988.
1988   MS-DOS 4.01 was released November, 1988.
1991   MS-DOS 5.0 was released June, 1991.
1993   MS-DOS 6.0 was released August, 1993.
1993   MS-DOS 6.2 was released November, 1993
1994   MS-DOS 6.21 was released March, 1994
1994   MS-DOS 6.22 was released April, 1994

COMPUTER HISTORY
History of UNIX / Linux and other variants

Year   Event
1957   Bell Labs found they needed an operating system for their computer center which at the time was running various batch jobs. The BESYS operating system was created at Bell Labs to deal with these needs.
1965   Bell Labs was adopting third generation computer equipment and decided to join forces with General Electric and MIT to create Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service).
1969   By April 1969, AT&T made a decision to withdraw Multics and go with GECOS. When Multics was withdrawn Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie needed to rewrite an operating system in order to play space travel on another smaller machine (a DEC PDP-7 [Programmed Data Processor 4K memory for user programs). The result was a system which a punning colleague called UNICS (UNiplexed Information and Computing Service)--an 'emasculated Multics'.
1969   Summer 1969 UNIX was developed.  
1969   Linus Torvalds is born.
1971   First edition of UNIX released 11/03/1971. The first edition of the "UNIX PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL [by] K. Thompson [and] D. M. Ritchie" is also dated "November 3, 1971". It includes over 60 commands like: b (compile B program); boot (reboot system); cat (concatenate files); chdir (change working directory); chmod (change access mode); chown (change owner); cp (copy file); ls (list directory contents); mv (move or rename file); roff (run off text); wc (get word count); who (who is one the system). The main thing missing was pipes.
1972   Second edition of UNIX released 12/06/1972
1972   Ritchie rewrote B and called the new language C.
1973   UNIX had been installed on 16 sites (all within AT&T/Western Electric); it was publically unveiled at a conference in October.
1973   Third edition of UNIX released February 1973
1973   Forth edition of UNIX released November 1973
1974   Fifth edition of UNIX released June 1974
1974   Thompson went to UC Berkeley to teach for a year, Bill Joy arrived as a new graduate student. Frustrated with ed, Joy developed a more featured editor em.
1975   Sixth edition of UNIX released May 1975
1975   Bourne shell is introduced begins being added onto.
1977   1BSD released late 1977
1978   2BSD released mid 1978
1979   Seventh edition of UNIX released January 1979
1979   3BSD released late 1979
1979   SCO founded by Doug and Larry Michels as UNIX porting and consulting company.
1980   4.0BSD released October 1980
1982   SGI introduces IRIX.
1983   SCO delivers its first packaged UNIX system called SCO XENIX System V for Intel 8086 and 8088 processor-based PCs.
1984   Ultrix 1.0 was released.
1985   Eighth edition of UNIX released February 1985
1985   The GNU manifesto is published in the March 1985 issue of Dr. Dobb's Journal. The GNU project starts a year and a half later.
1986   HP-UX 1.0 released.
1986   Ninth edition of UNIX released September 1986
1987   Sun and AT&T lay the groundwork for business computing in the next decade with an alliance to develop UNIX System V Release 4.
1988   HP-UX 2.0 released.
1988   HP-UX 3.0 released.
1989   SCO ships SCO UNIX System V/386, the first volume commercial product licensed by AT&T to use the UNIX System trademark.
1989   HP-UX 7.0 released.
1989   Tenth edition of UNIX released October 1989
1990   AIX short for Advanced Interactive eXecutive was first entered into the market by IBM February 1990.
1991   Sun unveils Solaris 2 operating environment, specially tuned for symetric multiprocessing.
1991   Linux is introduced by Linus Torvalds, a student in Finland. Who post to the comp.os.minix newsgroup with the words:
Hello everybody out there using minix -

I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones.

1991   HP-UX 8.0 released.
1991   BSD/386 ALPHA First code released to people outside BSDI 12/xx/1991
1992   HP-UX 9.0 released.
1993   NetBSD 0.8 released 04/20/1993
1993   FreeBSD 1.0 released December of 1993
1994   Red Hat Linux is introduced.
1994   Caldera, Inc was founded in 1994 by Ransom Love and Bryan Sparks.
1994   NetBSD 1.0 released 10/26/1994
1995   FreeBSD 2.0 released 01/xx/1995
1995   SCO acquires UNIX Systems source technology business from Novell Corporation (which had acquired it from AT&T's UNIX System Laboratories). SCO also acquires UnixWare 2 operating system from Novell.
1995   HP-UX 10.0 released.
1995   4.4 BSD Lite Release 2 the true final distribution from the CSRG 06/xx/1995
1997   HP-UX 11.0 released.
1997   Caldera ships OpenLinux Standard 1.1 May 5, 1997, the second offering in Caldera's OpenLinux product line  
1998   IRIX 6.5 the fifth generation of SGI UNIX is released July 6, 1998.
1998   SCO delivers UnixWare 7 operating system.
1998   Sun Solaris 7 operating system released.
1998   FreeBSD 3.0 released 10/16/1998
2000   FreeBSD 4.0 released 03/13/2000
2000   Caldera Systems Inc. announces that Caldera Systems has entered into agreement to acquire the SCO Server Software Division and the Professional Services Division.
2001   Microsoft files a trademark suit against Lindows.com in December.
2004   Lindows changes it's name to Linspire April 14, 2004.

BeOs tak de lam tu...dulu saya suka gaks pakai BeOs..selain dari linux & windows.

COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Information about Windows 3.x



Released in 1990 Microsoft Windows 3.0 was a revolutionary operating system for the PC as one of the most used GUI operating systems.  

Later Windows 3.1 was released in 1992 by Microsoft and was one of the first major PC GUI operating systems widely used. Windows 3.1 allowed users to utilize several features previously not available in MS-DOS. Some of these new features were the use of a mouse which allowed the user to navigate and manipulate data on the computer with one hand simply and easily and now did not have to memorize MS-DOS commands. In addition to the mouse Windows now allowed the user to multitask, meaning the user could now run multiple applications at once without having to close out of each program before running another. Windows along with other GUI operating systems are one of the many reasons computers have become easier and more widely used.

SETUP OPTIONS
All the following commands need to be ran from C:\WINDOWS> and when ran need to have the win statement added to statement so for example on the following first switch you would type "win winsetup /a" (without the quotes).

winsetup /a - This is for installing a group license version of Windows to a network server. The Administration option requires 29MB hard disk space on the server for Windows for Workgroups allowing users to run Windows over the network.

winsetup /n - Set up Windows from a workstation connected to the server's shared directory where the windows files are stored.

winsetup /i - This tells Setup to ignore automatic hardware detection, especially useful with certain network cards. Symptoms of problems including locking up during the hardware detection phase.

winsetup /b - Set up Windows with monochrome display attributes.

winsetup /t - Searches the drive for incompatible software that should not run at the same time as Setup or Windows 3.1 (maintenance mode only). It does not setup Windows but does the TSR checking.

winsetup /p - Restores Windows defaults, will also put the replace missing icons.

winsetup /h:fn - This is to run an automated Batch Mode Setup. The command is setup /h:filename, where filename is the name of the system setting file that contains the information about the user's configuration Setup /o:fn This specifies the SETUP.INF file, including the path if necessary.

winsetup /s:fn - This specifies the SETUP.INF file, including a path for the Windows installation disks.

SHORTCUT KEYS

ALT + F4 - Closes current application.

CTRL + F4 - Closes current document of active document window.

ALT + SPACE - Drops down the Control Menu.

CTRL + ESC - Brings up the Task Manager.

ALT + TAB - Switches between open applications.

SHIFT + ALT + TAB - Open applications in reverse order.

CTRL + TAB - Switches between Program Groups or document windows in applications that support this feature.

SHIFT + CTRL + TAB - Same as above however alternate direction.

ALT + LETTER - <Letter> representing under lined letter, will drop down menu / open program / click on button.

TAB - Moves to next information field / button in the Tab Order of the Application.

SHIFT + TAB - Moves to previous information field / button in the Tab Order of the Application.

ENTER - Activates the highlighted program.

F1 - Activates help for current open application.

F10 - Activates menu bar.

RUN OPTIONS

WIN /S - This starts Windows in standard mode (also WIN/2 will work). Standard mode is faster then 386 Enhanced mode. You might want to use this option if you only run windows programs or are experiencing hardware compatibility problems when running in 386 enhanced mode. This option is not available in Windows for Workgroups3.11.

WIN /3 - You can use this option if you want Windows to run in 386 enhanced mode even though your 80386 (or higher) has less then 2MB of RAM (however must at least have 1MB)

WIN <program path/filename> - Run the program from DOS booting into Windows without showing logo.

WIN: - Runs Windows without displaying the logo screen, (if you have a program like shareware WINGIF, you can compress any bitmap into RLE (run length encoded) format and load your own logo screen. RLE format files still work as wall paper in their compress form. The compress file in this procedure cannot exceed 55k in size.

WIN /R - Windows 3.0 uses this switch to force running in Real Mode. Other version of Windows higher than 3.0 do not support Real Mode. Note this will run SLOW.

WIN /N - (WFW 3.11 only) No protected mode network support. The Windows Network System drivers are not loaded. A real mode network started before Windows is still operational since Windows in only a shell to the operating system.

WIN /B - Creates a text file called BOOTLOG.TXT detailing every step of load process.

WIN /D: below option -

X - Prevents KRNL386.EXE from using the UMA
S - Sets SystemROMBreakPoint=OFF same as in [386Enh] section
V - Sets VirutualHDIRQ=OFF same as in [386Enh] section. This option also disables 32-bit Disk & File Access since the virtual drivers controlling the hard drive are not enabled.
F - Disables 32-bit Disk Access.
T - Does not load virtual mode drivers from the [386Enh] section. (WFW 3.11 only)
C - Disables 32-bit File Access (WFW 3.11 only)

TIPS

Create a never changing Program Manager

By default Windows 3.x will save your settings each time you exit windows which can cause users to need to organize their Program Manager each time that Windows loads. Arrange your Program Manager exactly how you wish for it appear each time Windows loads. Once everything is the way you wish click Options and ensure there is a check on Save Settings on Exit.

Once a check has been placed by Save Settings on Exit, exit windows and then once again enter Windows. Once back in Windows click Options and and uncheck Save Settings on Exit and now Program manager will permantely look just as it is now unless Save on Exit is rechecked.

Running out of hard disk space

When running out of disk space you can safely delete all files ending with *.tmp and *.chk which can save sometimes several megs or several hundred megs.

Windows 3.1
(enhanced mode)
REQUIREMENTS
Released 1992

Computer:             100% IBM Compatible
Processor:             80386 or higher processor
Memory:               2MB + RAM
Drives:                  8MB Hard disk drive space
                           3.5" / 5.25"Floppy
Sound:                 -
Video:                  VGA
Controls:               keyboard / Mouse
Operating System: DOS 3.1 and Higher Other:   
Price:                   No longer available

Windows for workgroups 3.11
REQUIREMENTS
Released  1994

Computer:              100% IBM Compatible
Processor:              386 or higher processor
Memory:                3MB + RAM
Drives:                  14MB Hard disk drive space
                           3.5" / 5.25"Floppy
Sound:                 -  
Video:                  VGA
Controls:               keyboard / Mouse
Operating System: DOS 3.3 and Higher Other:   
Price:                   No longer available

Originally posted by Minah_Flunxy at 13-5-2004 05:07 PM:
BeOs tak de lam tu...dulu saya suka gaks pakai BeOs..selain dari linux & windows.

alamak...., ada pula yg tertinggal

COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Information about Windows 95



The next installment of Windows from Windows 3.11. Windows 95 added major enhancements when compared to Windows 3.11.

Some of the new features that Windows 95 have which Windows 3.x Does not have are:

Plug and Play Allows hardware devices to be automatically installed into the computer with the proper software. Does not require jumpers to be played with.
32 Bit 32-Bit operating system allowing the computer to run faster and more efficiently.
Registry Combines the power of multiple configuration files into two files allowing the system configurations to be located easier.
Memory Windows 95 has an improved memory handling processes compared to Windows 3.11.
Right mouse click Allows you new access and text manipulation by utilizing both buttons instead of one.
CD-Player Enhanced CD-Player with improved usability and AutoPlay feature.

FUN STUFF

How to hide the start button The best, most wanted secret out there well you have finally found it here are the steps.
1. Ctrl + Esc and then Esc alone
2. Alt + -
3. Move the up arrow to close (don't do Alt + F4)
HOW DO I GET IT BACK?
4. Alt + Ctrl + Del
5. End task Explorer
6. Now should bring up shutdown Windows hit your esc key, Wait................
7. When saying not responding say "CANCEL"
Presto (If by some chance you are not able to get it back then reboot the computer and it will come back.)

How to change the Startup and shutdown screen in Windows95
WARNING: Before you attempt doing this you need to make sure that the file you are modifying is backed up on a disk or another directory on your hard drive.

Now that you have backed up you can make your own pictures were ever you want just remember that the size of the picture has to stay the same. Below is the list of the different pictures you can change and the size of those pictures.
logo.sys = "Startup" 320 x 400
logow.sys = "Please Wait while Windows95 is shutting down" 320 x 400
logos.sys = "It is now safe to shut of your computer" 320 x 400

An easy way of opening this files is to go into your paint program by clicking on start/programs/accessories/paint, then going to file and opening c:\windows\logow.sys or c:\windows\logos.sys or opening c:\logo.sys.

You can run any of the control panel icons without going into the control panel by clicking on start / run and typing "rundll32 shell32.dll,Control_RunDLL modem.cpl" (without quotes). This example would run the modem icon in the control panel, you can replace modem with any valid cpl file.

WIN 95 OSR1
REQUIREMENTS
Released 08/1995

Computer:           100% IBM Compatible
Processor:            386 DX or higher
Memory:              4MB RAM
Drives:                 35MB Hard disk drive space
                          CD-ROM or Floppy
Sound:                Sound Blaster compatible Sound Card.
Video:                 VGA or higher-resolution
Controls:              100% compatible Microsoft keyboard / Mouse
Operating System: DOS 5.0 and Higher

COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Information about Windows 98


Microsoft Windows 98 is the upgrade to Microsoft Windows 95. While this was not as big as release as Windows 95, Windows 98 has significant updates, fixes and support for new peripherals. The following is a list of some of its new features.

Protection - Windows 98 includes additional protection for important files on your computer such as backing up your registry automatically.
Improved support - Improved support for new devices such as AGP, Direct X, DVD, USB, MMX,
FAT32 - Windows 98 has the capability of converting your drive to FAT32 without loosing any information.
Interface - Users of Windows 95 and NT will enjoy the same easy interface.
PnP - Improved PnP support, to detect devices even better then Windows 95.
Internet Explorer 4.0 - Included Internet Explorer 4.0
Customizable Taskbar - Windows add many nice new features to the taskbar which 95 and NT do not have.
Includes Plus! - Includes features only found in Microsoft Plus! free.
Active Desktop - Includes Active Desktop which allows for users to customize there desktop with the look of the Internet.

WINDOWS 98
REQUIREMENTS
Released 1998

Computer:           100% IBM Compatible
Processor:           486DX/66 MHz or Higher processor
Memory:             16 MB of RAM
Drives:                Approximately 195MB; can take up to 295MB
                         CD-ROM or Floppy
Sound:                Standard Sound card for sound capability.
Video:                 VGA or higher-resolution
Controls:              100% compatible Microsoft keyboard / Mouse
Operating System: Windows 3.x, 3.1x or Windows 95 to upgrade
Direct X:               Includes Direct X 5.0

WINDOWS 98 SE

Including the same additional features as Windows 98 however includes additional fixes and all of Year 2000 patches have been included in Windows 98 Second Edition. The following is a listing of the various new features Windows 98 SE includes.

Updates - Includes all the latest updates for Windows 98 including Year 2000 updates, USB support and more.
Software - Updated versions of Internet Explorer, outlook express, windows media player, DirectX, NetMeeting and more.
Drivers / Support - Additional support for latest technology such as MMX, USB, Pentium III and more.

WINDOWS 98 SE
REQUIREMENTS

Computer:           100% IBM Compatible
Processor:           486DX/66 MHz or Higher processor
Memory:              24 MB of RAM
Drives:                 Approximately 205MB; can take up to 315MB
                          CD-ROM / DVD
Sound:                Standard Sound card for sound capability.
Video:                 VGA or higher-resolution
Controls:              100% compatible Microsoft keyboard / Mouse
Operating System: Windows 3.x, 3.1x or Windows 95 to upgrade
Direct X:               Includes Direct X 6.0

C-Fu

Originally posted by ?巈R鯻C?L换橻/i] at 2004-5-17 11:09 AM:



alamak...., ada pula yg tertinggal

of course la ade

pasal ko saje nak tambah postcount ngan cut n paste dari tempat lain.. walhal orang lain pon leh buat mende yang same. pandainye ;)

ehehe!..tak per...at least bertambah ilmu yang ada di forum cari nie..kalau digest leh laa jadi tatapan di masa hadapan buat forumers dimasa lain laks!.

boleh ke kalau aku copy & paste lagi untuk info Operating System yg lain pula

Sarah_Radzi

Originally posted by C-Fu at Thu 13-May-2004 18:19:



of course la ade

pasal ko saje nak tambah postcount ngan cut n paste dari tempat lain.. walhal orang lain pon leh buat mende yang same. pandainye ;)

agree .. anyone can do ..
the only difference is .. he did it .. and not others ..
;)

Sarah_Radzi

Originally posted by ?巈R鯻C?L换橻/i] at Fri 14-May-2004 05:37:
boleh ke kalau aku copy & paste lagi untuk info Operating System yg lain pula

kalau rajin .. ok

Originally posted by Sarah_Radzi at 15-5-2004 12:01 AM:


kalau rajin .. ok

thank Sarah_Radzi, coz beri sokongan moral, nanti hari rabu saya post ndefinasi Os yang lain pula kerana sekarang bz dgn sukma

H猷L鰃頧

erm.. sejarah Dr Dos pulak ?

Microsoft DOS (Disk Operating System) is a command line user interface. MS-DOS 1.0 was released in 1981 for IBM computers and the latest version of MS-DOS is MS-DOS 6.22, which was released in 1994. While MS-DOS is not commonly used by itself today, it still can be accessed from every version of Microsoft Windows by clicking Start / Run and typing "command" or by typing "CMD" in Windows NT, Windows 2000 or Windows XP.

MS-DOS COMMANDS

A ANSI.SYS | APPEND | ARP | ASSIGN | ASSOC | AT | ATTRIB
B BREAK
C CACLS | CALL | CD | CHCP | CHDIR | CHKDSK | CHKNTFS | CHOICE | CLS | CMD | COLOR | COMMAND | COMP | COMPACT | CONTROL | CONVERT | COPY | CTTY
D DATE | DEBUG | DEFRAG | DEL | DELTREE | DIR | DISKCOMP | DISKCOPY | DOSKEY | DOSSHELL | DRIVPARM
E ECHO | EDIT | EDLIN | EMM386 | ERASE | EXIT | EXPAND | EXTRACT
F FASTHELP | FC | FDISK | FIND | FOR | FORMAT | FTP
G GRAFTABL
H HELP
I IFSHLP.SYS | IPCONFIG
J NONE
K KEYB
L LABEL | LH | LOADFIX | LOADHIGH | LOCK
M MD | MEM | MKDIR | MODE | MORE | MOVE | MSAV | MSD | MSCDEX
N NBTSTAT | NET | NETSTAT | NLSFUNC | NSLOOKUP  
P PATH | PATHPING | PAUSE | PING | POWER | PRINT | PROMPT
Q QBASIC
R RD | REN | RENAME | RMDIR | ROUTE
S SCANDISK | SCANREG | SET | SETVER | SHARE | SHUTDOWN | SMARTDRV | SORT | START | SUBST | SWITCHES | SYS
T TIME | TITLE | TRACERT | TREE | TYPE
U UNDELETE | UNFORMAT | UNLOCK
V VER | VERIFY | VOL
X XCOPY  


MS-DOS ERRORS

Abort, Retry, Fail? - Usually you will get this error message if you are trying to read a disk that is not readable of if no disk is in there

Access denied - Usually meaning the file has a attribute on it *TIP* if you need to delete the file just deltree FILE

Bad command or file name - Usually this is when you miss type a command or if DOS does not know the command.

Bad or missing command interpreter - DOS cannot locate the Command.com a important file that holds all of DOS's needed information, you will need to recopy it also there is a chance you could possible have a Virus

Divide overflow - Program has attempted to divide something by 0.

Drive not ready error - Disk in the drive is not readable, such as a disk not being in the disk drive.

Duplicate file name or file not found - When attempting to rename a file the file does not exist or there is already a file with that name.

File cannot be copied onto itself - An attempt to copy a file could not be completed because the file already exists or same source and destination.

File creation error - Directory could be full because of the DOS limitation of files in one directory the file could also already exist or the file was not copied correctly

File not found - Meaning that in the directory that you searched does not have that certain file or there are no files in the directory.

General Failure - Something bad has occurred and DOS not know what to say so it just gives you this error if this is giving when try reading the Hard drive you may need to format the hard drive or it possible even could be bad

Insufficient disk space - Disk is full or if you are trying to copy a file to a disk the file is too big to fit on the disk.
Internal stack overflow - DOS's internal storage areas are full if you need to go into your config.sys and increase the STACKS=0,0

Invalid directory - Directory is invalid or does not exist in the directory you are currently in.

Invalid drive specification - Drive does not exist on the computer or cannot be found.

Invalid file name or file not found - DOS cannot find the file specified in the current directory or the file has a invalid character in it.

Invalid media, track 0 bad or unusable - Format command cannot format the specified disk or the disk capacity is invalid, or bad disk.

Invalid number of parameters - When the command was typed something was left out that DOS needed by the command, mistyped the command. or put a space where one was not needed.

Invalid parameter - Typed a command correctly but specified the incorrect parameter such as format /z

Invalid Switch - The wrong slash was typed such as cd/ when it is supposed to be cd\.

Non-System disk or disk error - When booting up the computer this error will usually occur when there is a floppy disk in the computer that is not bootable if there is no disk inside the computer this could be an indication of a unrecognized hard drive, un formatted hard drive, or hard drive with missing system files.

Not ready, reading drive X - Attempted to read a disk that is not readable or there is no disk in that drive.

Write fault error - Tried to reroute text to a device that is not connected or is not valid or not hooked up.

Write protect - Tried to write to a disk that is write protected

MICROSOFT DOS
Information about the net command.

NET CONFIG Displays your current workgroup settings.
NET CONFIG [/YES]

/YES Carries out the NET CONFIG command without
first prompting you to provide information or
confirm actions.

NET DIAG Runs the Microsoft Network Diagnostics program to test the hardware connection between two computers and to display information about a single computer.

NET DIAGNOSTICS [/NAMES | /STATUS]

/NAMES Specifies a diagnostic server name in order to avoid conflicts when NET DIAG is used simultaneously by multiple users. This option works only when the network uses a  NetBIOS protocol.
/STATUS Enables you to specify a computer about which you want  network diagnostics information.

NET HELP Displays information about NET commands and error messages.
command /?
NET HELP [suffix]
NET HELP errornum



command /?  Specifies the Microsoft NET command that you want information about.
suffix Specifies the second word of the command you want  information about. For example, the suffix of  NET VIEW is VIEW.
errornum Specifies the number of the error message that you want information abou

NET INIT Loads protocol and network-adapter drivers without binding them to Protocol Manager. This command may be required if you are using a third-party network-adapter driver. You can then bind the drivers to Protocol Manager by typing NET START NETBIND.

NET INITIALIZE [/DYNAMIC]

/DYNAMIC  Loads the Protocol Manager dynamically. This is useful with some third-party networks, such as  Banyan(R) VINES(R), to resolve memory problems.

NET LOGOFF Breaks the connection between your computer and the shared resources to which it is connected.

NET LOGOFF [/YES]

/YES Carries out the NET LOGOFF command without first prompting you to provide information or confirm actions.

NET LOGON Identifies you as a member of a workgroup.
NET LOGON [user [password | ?]] [/DOMAIN:name] [/YES] [/SAVEPW:NO]

user Specifies the name that identifies you in your workgroup. The name you specify can  contain up to 20 characters.
password The unique string of characters that authorizes you to gain access to your  password-list file. The password can contain up to 14 characters.
? Specifies that you want to be prompted for your password.
/DOMAIN Specifies that you want to log on to a  Microsoft Windows NT or LAN Manager domain. name Specifies the Windows NT or LAN Manager domain you want to log on to.
/YES Carries out the NET LOGON command without first prompting you to provide information or confirm actions.  
/SAVEPW:NO  Carries out the NET LOGON command without prompting you to create a password-list file.

If you would rather be prompted to type your user name and password instead of specifying them in the NET LOGON command line, type NET LOGON without options.

NET PASSWORD Changes your logon password.
NET PASSWORD [oldpassword [newpassword]]
NET PASSWORD \\computer | /DOMAIN:name [user [oldpassword [newpassword]]]

oldpassword Specifies your current password.
newpassword Specifies your new password. It can have as many as 14 characters.
computer Specifies the Windows NT or LAN Manager server on which you want to change your password.
/DOMAIN Specifies that you want to change your
password on a Windows NT or LAN Manager domain.
name Specifies the Windows NT or LAN Manager domain on which
you want to change your password.
user Specifies your Windows NT or LAN Manager user name.

The first syntax line above is for changing the password for your  password-list file. The second syntax line above is for changing your  password on a Windows NT or LAN Manager server or domain.

NET PRINT Displays information about print queues and controls print jobs.
NET PRINT \\computer[\printer] | port [/YES]
NET PRINT \\computer | port [job# [/PAUSE | /RESUME | /DELETE]] [/YES]

computer Specifies the name of the computer whose print queue you want information about.
printer Specifies the name of the printer you  want information about.
port Specifies the name of the parallel (LPT) port on your computer that is connected to the printer you want information about.
job# Specifies the number assigned to a queued print job. You can specify the following options:
/PAUSE Pauses a print job.
/RESUME  Restarts a print job that has been paused.
/DELETE  Cancels a print job.
/YES  Carries out the NET PRINT command without first prompting you to provide information or confirm actions.

When you specify the name of a computer by using the NET PRINT command, you receive information about the print queues on each of the shared printers that are connected to the computer.

NET SEND
NET SEND {name | * | /DOMAIN[:name] | /USERS} message
Sends messages to other users, computers, or messaging names on the network. The Messenger service must be running to receive messages.

You can send a message only to an name that is active on the network. If the message is sent to a username, that user must be logged on and running the Messenger service to receive the message.

name  Is the username, computername, or messaging name to send the message to. If the name is a computername that contains blank characters, enclose the alias in quotation marks (" ").
* Sends the message to all the names in your group.
/DOMAIN[:name]  Sends the message to all the names in the workstation domain. If name is specified, the message is sent to all the names in the specified domain or workgroup.
/USERS Sends the message to all users connected to the server.
message Is text to be sent as a message.

NET SHARE
NET SHARE sharename

sharename=drive:path [/USERS:number | /UNLIMITED]
[/REMARK:"text"]
[/CACHE:Manual | Automatic | No ]
sharename [/USERS:number | /UNLIMITED]
[/REMARK:"text"]
[/CACHE:Manual | Automatic | No ]
{sharename | devicename | drive:path}  /DELETE

NET START Starts services. NOTE: Services cannot be started from a command prompt within Windows.
NET START [BASIC | NWREDIR | WORKSTATION | NETBIND | NETBEUI | NWLINK] [/LIST] [/YES] [/VERBOSE]

BASIC Starts the basic redirector.
NWREDIR Starts the Microsoft Novell(R) compatible redirector.
WORKSTATION Starts the default redirector.
NETBIND Binds protocols and network-adapter drivers.
NETBEUI Starts the NetBIOS interface.
NWLINK Starts the IPX/SPX-compatible interface.
/LIST Displays a list of the services that are running.
/YES Carries out the NET START command without first prompting you to provide information or confirm actions.
/VERBOSE Displays information about device drivers and services as they are loaded.

To start the workgroup redirector you selected during Setup, type NET START without options. In general, you don't need  to use any of the options.

NET STOP Stops services. NOTE: Services cannot be stopped from a command prompt within Windows.

NET STOP [BASIC | NWREDIR | WORKSTATION | NETBEUI | NWLINK] [/YES]

NET STOP Stops the basic redirector.
BASIC Stops the basic redirector.
NWREDIR Stops the Microsoft Novell(R) compatible redirector.
WORKSTATION  Stops the default redirector.
NETBEUI Stops the NetBIOS interface.
NWLINK Stops the IPX/SPX compatible interface.
/YES Carries out the NET STOP command without first prompting you to provide information or confirm actions.

To stop the workgroup redirector, type NET STOP without options. This breaks all your connections to shared resources and removes the NET commands from your computer's memory.

NET TIME Displays the time on or synchronizes your computer's clock with the shared clock on a Microsoft Windows for  Workgroups, Windows NT, Windows 95, or NetWare time server.
NET TIME [\\computer | /WORKGROUP:wgname] [/SET] [/YES]

computer Specifies the name of the computer (time server) whose time you want to check or synchronize your computer's clock with.
/WORKGROUP Specifies that you want to use the clock on a  computer (time server) in another workgroup.
wgname Specifies the name of the workgroup containing a computer whose clock you want to check or synchronize your computer's clock with. If there are multiple time servers in that workgroup, NET TIME uses the first one it finds.
/SET Synchronizes your computer's clock with the clock on the computer or workgroup you specify.
/YES Carries out the NET TIME command without first prompting you to provide information or confirm actions.

NET USE Connects or disconnects your computer from a shared resource or displays information about your connections.
NET USE [drive: | *] [\\computer\directory [password | ?]]
[/SAVEPW:NO] [/YES] [/NO]
NET USE [port:] [\\computer\printer [password | ?]]
[/SAVEPW:NO] [/YES] [/NO]

NET USE drive: | \\computer\directory /DELETE [/YES]
NET USE port: | \\computer\printer /DELETE [/YES]
NET USE * /DELETE [/YES]

NET USE drive: | * /HOME

drive Specifies the drive letter you assign to a shared directory.
* Specifies the next available drive letter. If used with /DELETE, specifies to disconnect all of your connections.
port Specifies the parallel (LPT) port name you assign to a shared printer.
computer Specifies the name of the computer sharing the resource.
directory Specifies the name of the shared directory.
printer Specifies the name of the shared printer.
password Specifies the password for the shared resource, if any.
? Specifies that you want to be prompted for the password of the shared resource. You don't  need to use this option unless the password is optional.
/SAVEPW:NO Specifies that the password you type should not be saved in your password-list file. You need to retype the password the next time you connect to this resource.
/YES  Carries out the NET USE command without first prompting you to provide information or confirm actions.
/DELETE Breaks the specified connection to a shared
resource.
/NO Carries out the NET USE command, responding  with NO automatically when you are prompted to confirm actions.
/HOME Makes a connection to your HOME directory if one is specified in your LAN Manager or Windows NT user account.

To list all of your connections, type NET USE without options.

NET VER Displays the type and version number of the workgroup redirector you are using.  
NET VER

NET VIEW Displays a list of computers in a specified workgroup or
the shared resources available on a specified computer.
NET VIEW [\\computer] [/YES]NET VIEW [/WORKGROUP:wgname] [/YES]

computer Specifies the name of the computer whose shared resources you want to see listed.
/WORKGROUP Specifies that you want to view the names of the computers in another workgroup that share resources.  
wgname Specifies the name of the workgroup whose computer names you want to view.
/YES Carries out the NET VIEW command without first prompting you to provide information or confirm actions.

To display a list of computers in your workgroup that share
resources, type NET VIEW without options.