Sejarah Filipina & Jose Rizal [merged: hamizao, sLapshock]

hamizao

Originally posted by thamrong at 20-2-2006 11:38 PM

The American land reformed was not very successful. American hagemony brought in new form form of imperialism shroud under the thin veil of capitalism. The Pinoys revolted and s ...

An intersting comment, thamrong. I wonder why.

From another source I gathered that America's first duty after the Spanish-American war of 1898 was to protect Spanish tenures. Even as late as during the Japanese occupation, Spanish titles were undisturbed. One case is the Azucar閞a Centr醠 de Tarlac, where the Spanish Master held sway, 1945. In the U.S. re-occupation of the Philippines, land titles of Spanish collaborators were still undisturbed.

I understand till today Philippines land reform is still found wanting.

I have this gut feeling that after the war of 1898 not all the Spaniards left. They somehow perpetuated the Class Society and upheld the treatment of their people as per the saying .... "to own the land is to own the people."

I have much more to dig......:hmm::hmm:

[ Last edited by hamizao at 22-2-2006 04:08 PM ]

thamrong

Chronological Table of Leading Events in the Philippines: 16th Century  

1494 Treaty of Tordesillas (June 7).
1519 Maghellanes' expedition sailed, resulting in discovery of the Philippines.
1521 Death of Hernando Maghallanas (April 27).
1522 Elcano completed his voyage round the world (Sept. 6).
1542 The Villalobos expedition sailed from Mexico (Nov. 1).
1545-1563 Council of Trent (Dec., 1545, to Dec., 1563). Decres published in 1564.
1564 The Legaspi expedition sailed from Mexico (Nov. 21).
1565 Miguel de Legapsi landed in Ceb

thamrong

The Philippines Administative Areas- Untuk rujukan


For larger image please click  HERE then bottom right corner to enlarge.

[ Last edited by thamrong at 24-2-2006 12:21 AM ]

thamrong

Cukai Upti dan Buruh Paksa Imperialist Spanyol

Sejak zaman Legazpi 1565 hingga tahun 1884, rayaat asli Filipina dipaksa  membayar cukai upti atau cukai kepala kapada imperialist Spanyol. Ini sungguh membebankan penduduk asli Filipina. Kadar  ditetapkan sebanyak lapan reales dan dinaikkan menjadi sepuluh pada tahun 1602 seterusnya  ke dua belas reales pada tahun 1851. Lelaki bujang yang berumur 20 tahun dan wanita yang berumur 25 tahun dan belum  bersuami juga tidak dikechualikan. Kadar yang dikenakan adalah separuh. Ini sungguh membebankan kerana kebanyakan mereka miskin dan mempunyi keluarga yang besar. Dasar ini dianggap satu penindasan. Penduduk asli sungguh benci cara pungutan ini dilakukan. Encomenderos (wakil pemerintah Spanyol) yang korup  meraih keuntungan baik dan menjadi kaya dari hasil pungutan ini.

Penduduk asli boleh dianggap sabagi abdi kapada pemerintah Spanyol. Ini jelas dengan amalan buruh paksa yang dipanggil polo. Wajib bagi semua penduduk asli yang berumur dari 16 hingga 60 tahun. Dikerah bekerja di gedung, membaiki jalan dan jembatan, pembalakan dan limbungan kapal. Mereka yang dikerah dan menjadi buruh paksa dipanggil polistas. Polistas boleh dikecualikan dari polo dengan membayar denda yang dipanggil falla.

Penduduk asli Filipini sering persendakan dengan berkerja tanpa sebarang bayaran atau  bekalan  beras mereka dirampas oleh pegawai Spanyol.

Satu lagi beban yang dikenakan oleh imperialist Spanyol ialah bandala-satu syarat yang mewajibkan petani menjual hasil tanaman kapada pemerintah dengan harga yang murah dan ada kalanya tidak dibayar.:hmm::hmm:

[ Last edited by thamrong at 23-2-2006 08:29 PM ]

thamrong

Sekapur sirih dari Filipina tahun 1903
Polis membuat rondaan

Mengunakan guni untukk memungut sampah

Kawasan  khusuS untuk orang barat "White Wings"

Semburan air di jalan, lama dan baru

Bomba Manila sedang berkerja[/color
Ihsan dari APIS

HangPC2

Originally posted by thamrong at 24-2-2006 11:08 AM
Sekapur sirih dari Filipina tahun 1903
Polis membuat rondaan
[img]http://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/pop/public1l.jpg[/img ...

pergh pekan koboi macam kat US

hamizao

Originally posted by thamrong at 23-2-2006 08:19 PM
Cukai Upti dan Buruh Paksa Imperialist Spanyol

Sejak zaman Legazpi 1565 hingga tahun 1884, rayaat asli Filipina dipaksa  membayar cukai upti atau cukai k ...

Wah! It was tough....

I am still curious about the so called land reform in The Phili.

It appears that as at 1955, 600 entities held 13% of farm areas... was said to be a very high concentration of land ownership. Only a few others had more than 13%. Infact there was a skewed distribution of land. The larger holdings had better land. Data were suppressed or doctored to conceal the truth which was finally brought out to light in the 1952 Robert Hardie Report. The sad thing was American politicos had gone along with it.

So the presence of the Americans had not done much to alleviate the burden of the Filipinos. The Sp-Am War of 1898 only replaced the colonialist.

After the initial US$20mil paid to the Sp Govt for the 3 territories of Guam, Poerto Rico and The Phili, one wonders how much more land did the American buy over from individual Spaniards and ecclessiastical establishments and redistribute to the Filipinos. :hmm::hmm:

[ Last edited by hamizao at 24-2-2006 05:52 PM ]

thamrong

Originally posted by HangPC2 at 24-2-2006 12:58 PM


pergh pekan koboi macam kat US

Tepat sekali Cuma tak ada Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid aja......

Kalau dikaji sejarah precolonial Filipina,mereka tidak punya 'past history' saperti kita (Melaka,Srivijaya,Salendra, Majapahit..Kutai,Langkasuka etc.etc). Empayar yang ada cuma di Mindanao sahaja, itu pun disekitar tahun 1400 CE. Penempatan2 raja-raja kecil dimuara sungai dikepuluan Visayan dan Luzon  dipanggil 'lowland people' dan keadaan hidup agak primitif dan berpegang kapada kerpercayaan anemism. Maka untuk 'transplanting the European cultures is not a problem'. Sila lihat excerpt.

Spain colonized the Philippines in the sixteenth century and succeeded in providing the necessary environment for the development of a Philippine national identity; however, Spain never completely vitiated Muslim autonomy on Mindanao and in the Sulu Archipelago, where the separate Muslim sultanates of Sulu, Maguindanao, and Maranao remained impervious to Christian conversion. Likewise, the Spanish never succeeded in converting upland tribal groups, particularly on Luzon and Mindanao. The Spanish influence was strongest among lowland groups and emanated from Manila....

thamrong

Originally posted by hamizao at 24-2-2006 03:41 PM


Wah! It was tough....

I am still curious about the so called land reform in The Phili.

It appears that as at 1955, 600 entities held 13% of farm areas... was said to be a very high concen ...

[size=-2][size=-2]Failures of Land Reform in Philippines- Untying the Gordian Knot.

The skewed agrarian structure of the country has long been a major problem
that originated from the 400-year history of colonization. Unequal land distribution
and even worse, landlessness, following the establishment of the haciendas and the
encomienda system during the time of the Spaniards gave rise to numerous peasant
uprisings. This prompted the American colonizers to establish land reform measures
in the Philippines for the first time in the 1930s.

The first effort was by then Civil Governor William H. Taft who was able to
purchase 166,000 hectares of friar landholdings to be distributed to about 60,000
tenants. However, because of the tenants

thamrong

Kesan pemerintahan Spanyol di Filipina dan kelompok mestizo


Spanish-Filipino mestizo costume, 1800


Chinese-Filipino mestizo costume, 1800


Spanish-Filipino mestizo costume, 1800


Penjajah Spanyol melantik datuk setempat sabagi kepala barangays(kampong atau penempatan) yang akhirnya memperolehi kesemua tanah disitu. Ada kalanya kepala barangagay adalah terdiri dari penduduk asli, tetapi kebanyakan adalah dari keluarga hasil kawin kacukan (mestizo):

1.        Spanyol-Filipina (Spanish-Indio) yang statusnya dikalangan masyarakat setempat amat tinggi: terdiri dari klas 慹xlusive scholars and literatis

thamrong

CHRISTIANITY IN THE PHILIPPINES
The only predominantly Christian country in of Asia followed by Timor Leste . The Philippines is approximately 85 percent Christian (mostly Roman Catholic), 10 percent Muslim, and 5 percent 'other' religions, including the Taoist-Buddhist religious beliefs of Chinese and the 'indigenous' animistic beliefs of some peoples in upland areas that resisted 377 years of Spanish colonial rule. The conversion began by a small group of  Spaniards from mid-1500s to 1898--the end of Spanish rule.
In the 1500s, the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan encountered the Philippines while sailing under the flag of Spain in search of a western route to the East Indies, the source of the spice trade. He and his men landed on the island of Cebu in the central Philippines.
At this time period, almost nothing was known of the Philippines. Most Philippine communities, with the exception of the Muslim sultanates in the Sulu archipelago and Mindanao, were fairly small without a great deal of centralized authority. Authority was wielded by a variety of individuals, including 1) headmen, or datu; 2) warriors of great military prowess; and 3) individuals who possessed spiritual power or magical healing abilities.
The absence of centralized power meant that a small number of Spaniards were able to convert a large number of Filipinos living in politically autonomous units more easily than they could have, say, converted people living in large, organized, complex kingdoms such as those Hinduized or (later) Theravada Buddhist-influenced kingdoms in mainland Southeast Asia (Thailand and Cambodia and Malayan Peninsular) and on the island of Java in Indonesia. The Spanish were unsuccessful in converting Muslim Sultanates to Christianity, and in fact warred with Muslim Filipinos throughout their 377 year colonial rule from 1521 - 1898. Nor did they successfully conquer certain highland areas, such the Luzon highlands, where a diverse array of ethno-linguistic groups used their remote, difficult mountainous terrain to successfully avoid colonization.
Magellan's arrival in Cebu represents the first attempt by Spain to convert Filipinos to Roman Catholicism. The story goes that Magellan met with Chief Humabon of the island of Cebu, who had an ill grandson. Magellan (or one of his men) was able to cure or help this young boy, and in gratitude Chief Humabon allowed 800 of his followers to be 'baptized' Christian in a mass baptism. Later, Chief Lapu Lapu of Mactan Island killed Magellan and routed the ill-fated Spanish expedition. This resistance to Western intrusion makes this story an important part of the nationalist history of the Philippines. Many historians have claimed that the Philippines peacefully 'accepted' Spanish rule; the reality is that many insurgencies and rebellions continued on small scales in different places through the Hispanic colonial period.
After Magellan, the Spanish later sent the explorer Legaspi to the Philippines, and he conquered a Muslim Filipino settlement in Manila in 1570. Islam had been present in the southern Philippines since some time between the 10th and 12th century. It slowly spread north throughout the archipelago, particularly in coastal areas. Had it not been for Spanish intervention, the Philippines would likely have been a mostly Muslim area.:hmm::hmm:

HangPC2

Originally posted by thamrong at 26-2-2006 08:37 AM
Kesan pemerintahan Spanyol di Filipina dan kelompok mestizo


...

aku tengok dah macam citer zorro lak...:stp:

hamizao

Thanks, thamrong for the informative posts.

While one may level all blame of the failures of old reform efforts to the colonial power, The Philippines didn't seem to fare any better even after independence. It's skewed land reforms continued - land given to the wealthy and reform ridden with loopholes.

Philippine Agrarian Reform Gives Land to the Wealthy

July 13, 2004 - This report focuses on the 220-hectare Hacienda Tinang in Tarlac, once owned by Benigno Aquino Sr. and sold to the wealthy de Leon family of Pampanga. It narrates how the de Leon heirs circumvented land reform by faking a voluntary offer of sale where the land was supposedly sold, in smaller parcels, to 揻armer-beneficiaries.

thamrong

Peta yang dilukis pada tahun 1890 oleh Persatuan Geografica de Madrid.
Warna Merah kawasan yang diKristiankan.
Warna Kuning yang gagal diKristiankan.
Warna Hijau kawasan Moros Islam.
Sila Klik SINI untuk dibesarkan.

thamrong

Originally posted by HangPC2 at 27-2-2006 08:51 AM


aku tengok dah macam citer zorro lak...:stp:

Benar! Diwaktu penjajahan Spanyol, Filipina ditadbirkan dibawah Gabnor Spanyol di Mexico bukan terus dari Spanyol. Koloni dalam koloni. Jadi sudah pasti budaya, cara pentadbiran, dan undang-undang saperti 'land tenorship' di tiru dari koloni New Spain atau Mexico. No Zorro but Toro.

hamizao

By thamrong:

No Zorro but Toro.

Toro...... Do you mean this?



Or the ones in the padi fields? :hmm::hmm:

[ Last edited by hamizao at 2-3-2006 11:33 PM ]

hamizao

By thamtong:

In the 1500s, the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan encountered the Philippines while sailing under the flag of Spain in search of a western route to the East Indies, the source of the spice trade. He and his men landed on the island of Cebu in the central Philippines.

At this time period, almost nothing was known of the Philippines. Most Philippine communities, with the exception of the Muslim sultanates in the Sulu archipelago and Mindanao, were fairly small without a great deal of centralized authority. Authority was wielded by a variety of individuals, including 1) headmen, or datu; 2) warriors of great military prowess; and 3) individuals who possessed spiritual power or magical healing abilities.

The Pinoys are  proud of their first written hero and why not?



    Lapu-Lapu

The battle of Mactan should be commemorated every year and our Muslim brothers should be proud that the first hero of the Filipino people is a Muslim

thamrong

The Presidents of the Philippines

G L O R I A     M A C A P A G A L - A R R O Y O (2001-Present)

President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, born in April 5, 1947, was valedictorian of her high school class at Assumption Convent, was consistently on the Dean's List in Georgetown University in Washington DC, and graduated magna cum laude at Assumption College. She was sworn in as the 14th President of the Philippines on 20 January 2001 by Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. after the Supreme Court unanimously declared the position of President vacant, the second woman to be swept into the Presidency by a peaceful People Power revolution (EDSA II). She is now serving her second term after winning the presidential election last May 2005.  
J O S E P H     E S T R A D A (1998-2001)

Joseph E. Estrada, the 13th president of the Philippines, was born on April 19,1937 in Tondo, a ghetto area of Manila and once the home to the toughies and poorest of the poor, to Engr. Emilio Ejercito and Maria Marcelo. Estrada entered politics when he ran for Mayor of San Juan in 1968.  
F I D E L     R A M O S (1992-1998)

Fidel V. Ramos won the Philippine election held on May 11, 1992 after campaigning against the country's long tradition of graft, corruption, and favoritism. Lacking a strong party organization and having been criticized for having served the Marcos dictatorship, Ramos won a seven-way race with only 24% of the vote to become the 12th president of the Philippines.  
C O R A Z O N     A Q U I N O (1986-1992)

Corazon "Cory" C. Aquino is the First Lady President of the Philippines. She was the eleventh president of the Philippines. She was born on January 25, 1933 into a wealthy and politically prominent family based in Tarlac. In the turmoil that erupted over Ninoy Aquino's murder, the widowed Corazon became the symbol of moral opposition to the Marcos government.  
F E R D I N A N D     M A R C O S (1965-1986)

Ferdinand E. Marcos was born in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte on September 11, 1917 to Mariano Marcos and Josefa Edralin. He was the 10th president of the Philippines and held office from 1966 to 1986. He established an authoritarian regime in the Philippines that came under criticism for corruption and for its suppression of democratic processes. Besides being president, he also became the first prime minister in Philippine history.
D I O S D A D O     M A C A P A G A L (1961-1965)

Diosdado Macapagal was born in Lubao, Pampanga on September 28, 1910 to Urbano Macapagal and Romana Pangan. Known as the "poor boy from Lubao," He rose to become the 9th President of the Philippines in 1961. His journey from his humble beginnings in Lubao to the country's premier office in Malacanang was an inspiration for Filipinos. He was a man who brought a true sense of nationalism to public service and brought honor to the term politics.  
C A R L O S     G A R C I A (1957-1961)

Carlos P. Garcia was the seventh president of the Philippines. He was born in Talibon, Bohol on November 4, 1896 to Policracio Garcia and Ambrosia Polistico. He began his studies at the Siliman University in Dumaguete and later transfered to the Philippine Law School where he finished his law degree in 1923. He took the bar examination and was among the top ten who passed it. It was at the Bohol Provincial School where he initially started teaching.  
R A M O N     M A G S A Y S A Y (1953-1957)

Ramon Magsaysay, known popularly as "The Guy," was born in Iba, Zambales on Aug. 31, 1907. He was the second child of Exequiel Magsaysay and Perfecta del Fierro. As the eighth president of the Philippines, Magsaysay endeared himself to the Filipino masses by giving them easier access to the Office of the President and providing them more opportunities to air their grievances. To this day, his qualities and his kind of leadership are looked up to as standards for Filipino leaders.  
E L P I D I O     Q U I R I N O (1948-1953)


Elpidio Quirino was a political leader and the 6th president of the Philippines. He was born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur on November 16, 1890. After finishing his law studies at the University of the Philippines in 1915 he hurdled the Bar examinations that same year. He began his public service in humble positions: as a barrio school teacher in Vigan, a "junior computer" in the Bureau of Lands, a property clerk in the Manila Police Department and private secretary to President Quezon who was then the Senate president.  
M A N U E L     R O X A S (1946-1948)

Manuel A. Roxas, the fifth president of the Philippines, was born in Capiz (now Roxas City) on January 1, 1892. He studied law at the University of the Philippines, graduated with high honors in 1913, and topped the Bar examinations held that same year. Initially, he was employed as private secretary of then Chief Justice Cayetano Arellano and taught law in 1915-1916.  
S E R G I O     O S M E

hamizao

Semasa saya dibangku sekolah dulu, bapa saya ada seorang kenalan... orang Pinoy yang akan kembali tinggal di negaranya semula. Beliau ada berkata bahawa perkara pertama yang ia akan lakukan ialah untuk mendapatkan sepucuk senapang(gun) untuk pertahankan diri. Eermm, semasa di Malaysia, dia selamat...tak perlu ada senapang!

Wah, saya ingatkan di sana pasti seperti di Amerika ...ramai koboi! :hmm::hmm:

Saya kira ada banyak kesan2 dari kolonial Amerika.

thamrong

The Evil American
American took over Philippines from Spain after 377 years of colonialism and subsequently the American ruled Philippines for 48 years. In my humble opinion the American are equally bad as the Spanish imperialist. American resorts to total annihilation of the Spanish legacies in Philippines including the Spanish language, culture and unsuccessfully usurped the native religion by introducing the  Anglican New England missionaries. American culture was transplanted into the already lost and confused populace. The impact is still strongly felt today. Majority of Pilipinos are confused lots and unsure of themselves weather they are Asian or hybrid Westerners. American even forbids the very idea of nationalism and even the triviality of creating a national flag is considered as treason. American who advocates the so called ' all men are created equal and the truth is self evident' looked up at the native as disposable garbage and taunted as ' white men burden'.

American  Colonialist


Philippines