Sejarah Filipina & Jose Rizal [merged: hamizao, sLapshock]

thamrong

Chinese Mestizos in Philippines


Chinese Mestizos need a special mention in this thread. They are considered as 'Kaum Cina Peranakan Filipina'. They hold a special place in the Philippines society because of their economic strength and own large landholdings.
The first Chinese junks arrived in the Philippines around the 9th century
A.D. When the Spaniards settled in the kingdom of Maynilad (today the
city of Manila) in 1571, there were only about 150 Chinese settling with
the natives. Upon the establishment of the Spanish colony, the number of
Chinese drastically changed, and, by 1600, their number had increased
to 15,000.

Over the centuries, immigration and intermarriage nurtured a distinct hybrid
minority and, by the 19th century, a new breed called Mestizo de Sangley
(in today's parlance, Chinese-Mestizo) emerged. A Mestizo was taken to
be someone of mixed parentage, while Sangley (from the Hokkien seng di,
meaning to trade) was the generic name of the Chinese as used by the
Spaniards here in the Philippines.

Similar to the Peranakans of the Straits Settlements, the Chinese
-Mestizo had a (Malay) Filipina mother and Chinese father. This pattern
eventually paved the way for the emergence of a distinct hybrid culture
easily distinguishable from the (Malay) Filipino majority. Chinese-Mestizo
culture is a blend of the dominant elements of the Philippine cultural
tradition: Malay, Chinese and Spanish. The Chinese-Mestizo did not
speak any Chinese, the language having in any case degenerated in the
marketplace into a patois of Tagalog, Hokkien and Spanish. They also
developed distinctive customs of kinship (based on the Chinese system)
and dress.

The Chinese-Mestizo community concocted a large portion of what we
today consider Filipino food. While most of the dishes are Chinese
-inspired, numerous local and Spanish ingredients have been incorporated
such that a newly arrived Chinese would find it difficult to attune his taste
buds to the food. Inside Binondo's (Manila's historic Chinatown) 102-year
-old Panciteria Toho Antigua (panciteria means a place where pancit is
served. Interestingly, pancit, the generic term for noodles in the Philippines,
actually comes from the Hokkien pian-e-sit, meaning 'something quickly
cooked'), the menu posted on the wall reveals a curious mixture of Hokkien,
Tagalog and Spanish terms: bihon guisado (stir-fried vermicelli noodles), Ho
To Tay (a soup dish), siopao asado (meat-filled buns), arroz caldo con goto
(beef-tripe congee). The names and ingredients of the food show the unique
identity of the Chinese-Mestizo. The restaurant has since abandoned its
old name but it remains one of the last bastions of Chinese-Mestizo
culture in Chinatown.

Even more interesting was the way Chinese-Mestizos worshipped the
divine. The Spaniards, being zealous Catholics, converted the majority in
no time. However, a kind of mixed worship evolved among Chinese
-Mestizos, the unique product of Catholic and Buddhist intermarriage. In
their homes, they burned incense and lighted candles before the images
of the Blessed Virgin who became a representation of Kuan Yin, the
Buddhist deity, or Ma-Tsu, protector and patroness of the seafarers.
Religious syncretism was also evident at the household altars of the
Chinese-Mestizos where you could find both Catholic and Buddhist images
displayed side by side. Interestingly, this practice has survived to this day
and can still be found in most Chinese-Filipino homes and shops.

Another distinctive Chinese-Mestizo feature is in their names. Chinese
-Mestizos commonly Hispanicised their names to avoid suspicion from
the Spaniards who distrusted all Chinese, whether pure or mixed. They
usually 'slurred' the components of their father's (or grandfather's) name so
that if the Chinese name was Sy Kia, the Mestizo surname would be
Syquia (e.g. Jose Syquia, Manuel Syquia). A good number of Filipino
surnames today show obvious Chinese-Mestizo roots: Tanjuatco,
Cojuangco, Ongpin, Limjap, Yangco, just to name a few.

In the field of architecture, the Chinese-Mestizo also developed their own
flamboyant style similar in function to those in the Straits Settlements but
different in style. What was termed the bahay-na-bato (literally, the stone
house) was actually a type of shop house architecture where the first floor,
which functioned as the store, was made of stone, and the second floor,
which acted as the living quarters, was made of wood. This type of mixed
architecture developed because the Philippines is a country usually
plagued by earthquakes. Decorations were also varied, with (Malay) Filipino
sensibilities integrating Chinese and Spanish styles. Nowhere is this
mixed type of architecture more evident than in the city of Vigan, where the
streets have retained the features of their glorious past. Up until today,
residents still refer to the historic area of the city as the Kasanglayan
section (meaning where the Chinese live). A sign of the influence of the
Chinese-Mestizos is the town's Catholic cathedral with its four Chinese
stone lions guarding its entrance. The same feature can also be found in
Manila's San Agustin church and in other churches where there was a big
Chinese-Mestizo community.

Today, Chinese-Mestizo culture has already been integrated into the
modern Filipino identity. Where before, Chinese-Mestizos, the newly
arrived Chinese and the (Malay) Filipinos were classed as different entities,
today, the barriers have already been bridged and most Filipinos, regardless
of ethnic origin, consider Chinese-Mestizo culture uniquely Filipino, and,
though perhaps ignorant of its beginnings, something to be proud of.

hamizao

Originally posted by thamrong at 4-3-2006 05:30 PM
The Evil American
American took over Philippines from Spain after 377 years of colonialism and subsequently the American ruled Philippines for 48 years. In my humble opinion the American are equal ... The impact is still strongly felt today. Majority of Pilipinos are confused lots and unsure of themselves weather they are Asian or hybrid Westerners. American even forbids the very idea of nationalism and even the triviality of creating a national flag is considered as treason. American who advocates the so called ' all men are created equal and the truth is self evident' looked up at the native as disposable garbage and taunted as ' white men burden'.

Very unfortunate indeed. I suppose it was the first time  US found itself as a colonial power. The Filipinos have been fighting the Spanish for independence and now have to contend with the US. They felt betrayed as the US was once thought of as their allies. The start of the war was when........a US soldier shot a Filipino soldier crossing a bridge and the the President announced that the Filipino insurgents have attacked Manila to justify the war. (An almost similar tactic used to justify the Vietnam War!)It is to be noted that only Manila was under the control of US. When the war ended 4,300 U.S. soldiers, 16,000 Filipino soldiers, and 200,000 to 1,000,000 Filipino civilians had dead. A reminder alright that the collateral damage is usually the highest!!!

The high civilian casualty may be attributed to U.S. attacks into the countryside often included scorched earth campaigns where entire villages were burned and destroyed, torture (water cure) and the concentration of civilians into "protected zones". Many of these civilian casualties resulted from disease and famine. Also there was this  infamous order  by a General Jacob H. Smith, "Kill everyone over ten."  Ummp.....I do not wish to detail further the atrocities inflicted on the Filipinos....:cry::cry: I do admit, they took so much while in the hands of the colonial powers.


Philippine insurgents fighting in the undergrowth



Philippine insurgent troops in the suburbs of Manila



Insurgent army surrendering to General Frederick D. Grant in the Philippine Islands


Note: Those days the term "insurgent" was used

[ Last edited by hamizao at 6-3-2006 01:22 AM ]

hamizao

I am still wondering why the heck that the US which had wrestled it's own land from their own colonial masters embarked on themselves becoming a colonial power. Why were they interested in retaining the Philippines? Why didn't they just liberate the Philippines? :hmm::hmm:

I gather that at about that time after their Civil War, the US had become a booming economy. A whole group of Americans believed that that was the time for the U.S. to expand itself overseas. Yes, there were also those against the expansion for fear that they would be deluged with imigrants. Pro-expansion won the day and Philippines became the market for American products.....a typical colonial country. No interest were built an infact they discouraged the development of Filipino indigenous industries except maybe cottage industries. Americans came in not as manufacturers...... they came in as distributors. If we look at old photographs of Manila we would see signs for the Ford dealership, the branch of Macy's, Sears Roebuck. In return Philippines gave them raw materials such as sugar, hemp, coconut. So the economy of the Philippines becomes very linked to the U.S. The economy continues to favor the land-owning group. The Philippines remains a feudal society. There may be other reasons...............:hmm:

Through it all, the Filipino upper class was never touched, even those which had collaborated with the Japanese wuring WW2. It was the same families who had been powerful for centuries. They continued to be.

OK, they got their independence in 1946 but Filipino Nationalist historians  point out that the U.S. gift of "independence" came with numerous strings attached. The U.S. retained sovereignty and ownership over dozens of military bases, lands, property and trade privileges.  Laws were passed to ensure that their economic interests in the Philippines would be untouched and that foreign control remains. Since then, their country has been a virtual economic ward of the United States.
:hmm::hmm:

[ Last edited by hamizao at 6-3-2006 03:56 PM ]

thamrong

Satu situasi yang aronis. Amerika Syarikat dibawah 'Monroe Doctrine 'berusha untuk menghapuskan kolonialisme kuasa Europah di Amerika Latin.  Amerikan menyukong sepenuh semua pergerakan pembebasan dan cuba mengenalkan demokrasi ala Amerika disana. Tetapi itu satu muslihat sahaja kerana cita-citanya ialah menguasai ekonomi dan kepentinganya saperti Panama Kanal. Hegemony ini sesuai dipanggil Pax Americana. Amerika sengaja mecetuskan insiden di pelabuhan Havana untuk menawan Cuba yang waktu itu adalah koloni Spanyol yang terakhir di Carribean. Jatuhnya Cuba dengan sendirinya Porto Rico dan Filipina menjadi milik Amerika Syarikat. Pada permulaannya Amerika tidak mempunyi apa-apa rancangan masa depan untuk Filipina. Cuma memberi kebebasan kepada penduduk asli yang tertindas selama 377 tahun. Kemudian apabila disedari  negara itu sesuai dengan stretegi pertahanan dan ekonominya di Asia maka dasar bertukar menjadi 'Iron Fist with Valvet Glove'.

hamizao

I had written earlier:

Very unfortunate indeed. I suppose it was the first time  US found itself as a colonial power. The Filipinos have been fighting the Spanish for independence and now have to contend with the US. They felt betrayed as the US was once thought of as their allies.

Well, years later in U.S. Senate hearings, Admiral Dewey testified, "I never treated him (Aguinaldo) as an ally, except to assist me in my operations against the Spaniards."  

Curious as I was here is some info I found on what was deemed as the Mock Battle of Manila ....how the Spanish and American denied  victory to Aguinaldo and his guerillas.

The mock battle for Manila occurred on August 13, 1898...more than 24 hours after the signing of the peace protocol in Washington, D.C. at 4:30 P.M. (5:30 A.M. Manila Time) on August 12th.  Because Admiral Dewey had cut the only cable that linked Manila to the outside world, news of the war's end reached neither General Jaudenes or Admiral Dewey until August 16th. Early on, the Spanish Governor-General mistakenly thought the smoke of battle near Cavite in Manila Bay signified a Spanish victory, and cabled this welcome news to Madrid via the underwater telegraph that was Manila's only link to the outside world.  On the morning of May 2nd, Commodore Dewey notified this Spanish official that, since that cable was INDEED the only way communications could be sent from Manila, it should be considered NEUTRAL so that he could use it as well.  When the Governor-General refused, Dewey dispatched his sailors to dredge up and cut the cable, ending the direct flow of information out of the Philippines.

By that time, the United States Army occupied the city and had become the protectors of their former enemy, and the enemy of their former ally.

There were no Medals of Honor awarded for heroism in this last battle of the Spanish-American war...the battle had been a staged event. The day-long drama cost 6 American soldiers their lives, and resulted in 92 wounded.  The Spanish suffered 49 killed in action, 100 wounded.

Here it is:




Inside the walled city of Manila, General Jaudenes listened to the sound of the naval gunfire.  He wasn't concerned.  He had already agreed with Admiral Dewey as to how the scenario would play out.  On his desk was a piece of paper, the only printed document related to the unfolding events.  It sketched out a series of signal flags that, when seen flying from Admiral Dewey's ship, would indicate that it was time for the Spanish commander to order his men to hoist the while sheet over the city that would signify the final act in the mock battle for Manila.




From August 8th to 12th, the opposing commanders had hammered out the details.  First, Jaudenes had requested a 48 hour delay in the threatened bombardment in order to obtain permission from Madrid to surrender the city.  Granted the delay by Dewey, Madrid refused to permit the surrender.  His fate all but sealed, Jaudenes was still more than willing to surrender but for two important details:

It would be a disgraceful act for the Spanish commander to give up his city without a fight.  Such an act would be received with derision and probably court martial upon his return to his homeland.

The Spanish were still quite fearful of the consequences if the city fell to Aguinaldo and his band of Filipino insurgents.

Resolution of such matters were carefully crafted through the Belgium consul Edouard Andre.  In its final draft, the carefully choreographed sequence of events called for the initial shelling of the fort at Malate, which would be promptly abandoned by its defenders.  As the Americans then began their ground advance, Admiral Dewey would bring his ships before the city and hoist the signal flags demanding surrender.  Upon seeing these, General Jaudenes would order the while flag raised, and the Americans would enter.  As had been the case in Cuba, the word "surrender" was avoided to be replaced by the term "capitulation".  

The capitulation of Manila would transfer control to the invading American forces, which would then secure the city and deny entrance to the insurgent forces under Aguinaldo.  The brief, bloodless battle at San Antonio de Abad would save face for the Spanish soldiers and their commander, demonstrating that they had capitulated ONLY after a devastating attack.

The advancing American army was not routing the enemy from the city, but keeping Aguinaldo and the supposed Filipino allies OUT of the city.  It mattered little to them that, on the eve of the battle, General Anderson had warned Aguinaldo that any of the insurgents attempting to enter Manila would be fired on by the Americans.





It was an unusual strategy by two opposing forces, one which would not only save face for the Spaniards, but would also save lives for BOTH sides.

The Filipinos had no idea of the script.  They thought there was a REAL battle going on that would liberate their capitol.

hamizao

Oleh Thamrong:

Satu situasi yang aronis. Amerika Syarikat dibawah 'Monroe Doctrine 'berusha untuk menghapuskan kolonialisme kuasa Europah di Amerika Latin.  Amerikan menyukong sepenuh semua pergerakan pembebasan dan cuba mengenalkan demokrasi ala Amerika disana. Tetapi itu satu muslihat sahaja kerana cita-citanya ialah menguasai ekonomi dan kepentinganya saperti Panama Kanal. Hegemony ini sesuai dipanggil Pax Americana. Amerika sengaja mecetuskan insiden di pelabuhan Havana untuk menawan Cuba yang waktu itu adalah koloni Spanyol yang terakhir di Carribean....

Saya percaya Monroe Doctrine juga di rangka dengan pengaruh kuasa tertentu untuk menjadikan hemisfera barat suatu tempat selamat bagi mereka yang berkepentingan.:hmm: Ia menentukan tiada campur tangan Eropah di Amerika dan Amerika di Eropah. Akan tetapi AS sendiri telah mencampuri Amerika Selatan dan Cuba, misalnya! Monroe Docttrine sebenarnya telah diberi beberapa tafsitan oleh yang berkepentingan dan diberi nama baru Pax("aman" dalam Latin) American.  Hairan sekali...akan tetapi pada masa itu ekonomy AS telah maju dan peperangan semestinya menjadi satu bisnes yang lumayan buat mereka yang berkepentingan seperti The International Bankers......Itulah sebabnya berbagai helah diadakan oleh AS supaya dapat berperang....

Sorry, I can't help thinking about that.:hmm::hmm:

sLapshock

Dr. Jos

hamizao

Dah ada dalam thread mengenai sejarah Filipina. Mungkin elok mod satukan supaya memudahkan rujukan........Thanks

CRK

Joze Rizal berketurunan Melayu dan beragama Islam. Kisah beliau pernah diceritakan dalam Jejak Rasul TV3.

sya_sugar_sugar

Originally posted by CRK at 12-9-2006 09:14 AM
Joze Rizal berketurunan Melayu dan beragama Islam. Kisah beliau pernah diceritakan dalam Jejak Rasul TV3.

:setuju::setuju::setuju:

yaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa betul.

sLapshock

apa dia buat kat filipina dan kenapa dia kena execute

hamizao

Joze Rizal berketurunan Melayu dan beragama Islam. Kisah beliau pernah diceritakan dalam Jejak Rasul TV3.

Dia ni merupakan generasi kelima kepada Domingo Lam-co, seorang saudagar Cina dari Amoy yang telah berhijrah ke Filipina hujung abad k3-17. Ia telah berkahwin dengan seorang Cina -Mestizo (kacukan Cina-Filipina), Inez de la Rosa. Kemudian Lam-co telah menukar nama keluarga ke "Mercado". Apabila Rizal mula aktif dengan kegiatan kemerdekaan abang dia telah menasihatinya untuk menukarkan nama keluarga supaya keluarga tidak di libatkan. Jadi diapun menukarnya ke "Rizal".

Ttg ugama mungkin juga dia Islam kerana dia pernah di buang daerah ke Mindanao suatu ketika.....dan ada maklumat..

"Near the end of his exile he met and courted the step-daughter of a patient, an Irishwoman named Josephine Bracken, but he was unable to obtain an eclesiastical marriage because he would not return to the religion of his youth ..."

Dia juga seorang freemason dan telah mendapat beberapa pertolongan dari pertubuhan itu sungguhpun kegiatan dia amat mencabar kuasa di Filipina  padamasa  itu:

"It was a young man who made no secret of his interest in the free, i.e., Masonic, countries of the world who came home to find a governor general in the Philippines who, his enemies claimed, was utterly dominated by the Masons that surrounded him. Perhaps had it been otherwise the author of "Noli Me Tangere" would not have been given as a bodyguard a Spanish army officer, Lieutenant Taveil de Andrade, who is said to have shared his views, nor have received the timely notice which enabled him to make his escape out of the country when an authority greater than the governor's threatened him...................................... Here he was raised to the sublime degree of Master Mason,..................."

"And when the arbitrary deportation to Dapitan came, it was Frazier Smith, Pastmaster of St. John's Lodge and editor-in-chief of the daily Hongkong Telegraph, who compelled the Spanish Consul to declare for his government that the man whom the British Colony had so highly esteemed was not being ill-treated in exile. Nor should he have been with Captain Ricardo Carnicero, reputedly a member of the universal family, as his jailer."

apa dia buat kat filipina dan kenapa dia kena execute

Dia memang dari keluarga Cina - Mestizo, orang Filipino. Orang Filipino asal memang kaum Melayu. Dia telah dituduh bersubahat dalam kegiatan kemerdekaan Filipina. Dia tolak tawaran untuk menjadi doktor di Cuba ......so kena firing squad. Dipercayai bahawa tawaran ke Cuba itu telah di usahakan oleh saudara2 freemason dia.

[ Last edited by  hamizao at 13-9-2006 12:26 AM ]

CRK

dlm jejak rasul tv3 tak lama dulu, ada ceritakan dia pi menunaikan haji kalau tak silap.

CRK

tak ada bukti jelas Rizal beragama Islam.

petikan dari jurnal linguistic:

Another paradox entwined with Rizal抯 fame, at least throughout the Asian hemisphere is that it has been this mythologized racial provenance of Rizal as of Malay stock that has made him a most eminent icon as Asia抯 揜enaissance Man

hamizao

Here is another piece of news:

Dr. Salipada Tamano, a specialist in Malay culture and tradition, traces Rizal抯 roots to 17th-century Sultan
Saiful Rijal of Brunei. Simply, he is unconvinced that Rizal would take his surname from a leaf or flower of a plant species when the government order then was to Hispanize Pinoy surnames.
The fact that Malaysia honors Rizal as one of the greatest heroes of the Malay race provides added hint to traces of his great, great ancestors, Tamano says.(By Nash Maulana,Inquirer )

I shall try to get more detail on the Dr's work...............if time permits.

sLapshock

RIZAL Ni nama orang apa? melayu kan? bukan arab?

HangPC2

tapi semasa yang dijalankan hukuman bunuh Jose Rizal masih berahsia dengan status  agama beliau

hamizao

CRK:

tak ada bukti jelas Rizal beragama Islam.

HangPC2:

tapi semasa yang dijalankan hukuman bunuh Jose Rizal masih berahsia dengan status  agama beliau

Sy tak tengok program TV3 tu akan tetapi dari sikit2 bacaan yang telah sy buat memang tak ada keterangan yang jelas ttg ugamanya. Yang ada diceritakan, keluarga dia Katolik ...mungkin juga ugama kelahiran dia. Kita juga didedahkan betapa dia tak senang dengan cara2 pemerintahan friars semasa dia membesar. Apabila ia dewasa pandangan ugama dia amat kritikal terhadap katolik. Ada satu versi berkenaan dia dengan Josephine Bracken yang telah pergi ke gereja untuk berkahwin, Tetapi pihak gereja enggan mengahwini mereka  selagi dia tidak menarik semula semua kritikan dia terhadap gereja. Jadi dia hanya tinggal dengan Josephine tanpa berkahwin. Jadi makna sebenar "...but he was unable to obtain an eclesiastical marriage because he would not return to the religion of his youth " masih samar2 pada Hami. Malangnya pehak gereja telah mengeluarkan kenyataan palsu bahawa Rizal telah menarik balik kritikan2 dia dan ia telah dikahwinkan.

Oleh kerana Rizal juga fasih berbahasa Arab, Dr. Salipada Tamano beranggapan bahawa takkanlak dia tak membaca Koran dan mempelajari Islam..........

Semasa execution dia, dia memilih untuk menghadap ke-laut dan mengabaikan crucifix yang disediakan.

Walau apapun yang lebih mustahak adalah penulisan dan perjuangan dia untuk memerdekakan Bangsa Filipino(Melayu). Dia kurang senany dengan waran execution dia yang menyebut dia sebagai seorang Cina-Mestizo. Dia anggap dirinya sebagai "indios" (Melayu) panggilan yang agak rendah yang selalu diguna oleh orang2 Spanyol terhadap orang Filipina.

sLapshock:

RIZAL Ni nama orang apa? melayu kan? bukan arab?

Ttg surname Rizal sy dapati 2 versi kesahnya. Satu yang telah di ceritakan dahulu ...yaitu disuruh tukar oleh adik dia. Akan tetapi keluarga mereka masih tidak sepi dari dilibatkan dengan perjuangan Rizal. Versi ke-2 menyatakan apabila keluar perintah bagi memperhispanikkan surname, nama Rizal tidak diterima ......mungkin bukan Hispanik. Dikatakan mereka masih menggunakannya sebagai surname ke-2.:hmm::hmm:

[ Last edited by  hamizao at 14-9-2006 02:48 AM ]

alhaadi2

camne dia dikebumikan?? Cara Islam or bukan Islam?? Mungkin dia free thinker kot sebab dia ni ahli free mason...:jeling:

HangPC2

Originally posted by alhaadi2 at 14-9-2006 07:05 PM
camne dia dikebumikan?? Cara Islam or bukan Islam?? Mungkin dia free thinker kot sebab dia ni ahli free mason...:jeling:

kemungkinanan lah sebab orientalis dan berpendidikan barat  kenbanyakan ahli berjubah hitam pada zaman tuh..

[ Last edited by  HangPC2 at 14-9-2006 09:36 PM ]