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[Dunia]
Cytokine storm dan covid 19 - apabila sel imun gagal berkomunikasi
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normal la kan pesakit covid xleh tdo..msti la resah tkt dah xbgn
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makin cari kt utube pasal covid makin lama makin pening kepala. moga ada dapat simplify kan dalam bentuk info graphic |
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Saintis pun masih study kowt |
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Kalu mcm nie buat mereka yg suka bersedekah dan NGO2 apa kata mulakan pula kongsi rezeki utk beli 2 benda yg penting nie...pastu bole ler bedak2 ke kawasan2 yg merah dan ramai yg tak mampu...kongsi rezeki makanan kering dah banyak...personal care mcm sanitary pad, sabun mandi, ubat gigi, berus gigi dan syampu pun patut ada dlm bakul kongsi rezeki...
Kita jgn gagal utk terus membantu dan berjuang utk hidup...insyaAllah...
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Melah...negara kita nie sebenarnya lama dah gagal...my fren Pakistani professional keje Mesia terkejut masa kaka kematian suami hanya dpt cuti 2 minggu pastu kena pergi kerja...dia kata kat Pakistan kalu you staff kena berkabung duduk rmh selama tempoh yg perlu dan company akan take-care keperluan dapur you sepjg tempoh...kata my fren kalu dia tipu maka tipu ler citer kaka nie...my fren terkejut sebb kaka staff govt...kaka jwb it's okay...mmg kaka ada tugas yg tak bole dielakkan...
Utk tak OT...corona virus as self-explanatory...king of virus...pandai but dgn izin Allah swt insyaAllah manusia pasti akan dpt mencari penyelesaian utk melawan...Allah swt yg ajar Nabi Adam...bukan sebrg guru yg turun kan ilmu pada manusia...
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Researchers find nature, origin of immune cells damaging Covid-19 patients’ lungs
Tarikh berita : 4/8/2021
A joint research team has revealed the characteristics and origins of the specific immune cells that cause damage in Covid-19 patients’ lungs, the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) said on Wednesday.
The research results will be able to control pulmonary damages caused by excessive immunological reactions in Covid-19 patients, KAIST said.
It has become possible by researching quantitative and qualitative immunological changes that occur at the peak of Covid-19 virus propagation and during the convalescent stage, it added.
It has become possible by researching quantitative and qualitative immunological changes that occur at the peak of Covid-19 virus propagation and during the convalescent stage, it added.
Within the lung tissue infected by the influx of virus, immune cells are immediately vitalized. Most of these cells are “macrophages.” As a primary defense reaction of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the vitalized mononuclear cells enter the lung tissue through blood flow. These mononuclear cells differentiate into additional macrophages. In due process, the cells of infected parts of the lung tissues are removed.
It is impossible to study immune cells extracted from human lungs infected by Covid-19 at different stages of infection. Therefore, respiratory infected animal models like ferrets, the carnivorous mustelidae mammals, had an important role in finding the precise aspects of immune response after the virus infection, according to the news release. Professor Choi’s team was the first to report that experimental animals like ferrets have SARS-CoV-2 virus susceptibility.
With the Covid-19 infected animal model, the joint-research team made a precise analysis of the changes in the immune cells of the lung tissues at different stages of Covid-19 infection using single-cell sequencing. The macrophages that take up most of the immune cells of the lungs were classified into 10 distinct subpopulations. Of these, an analysis was made to find the ones with the highest contribution to lung damage.
The research team found that the quantity of macrophages rapidly increases after two days of Covid-19 virus infection. This is due to many activated mononuclear cells in the blood flow that permeate the lung tissue, which goes through macrophage differentiation. Especially, these macrophages that permeate from blood flow have strong qualities of inflammatory macrophages. Therefore, it contributes to the eradication of the virus but also can be the main culprit of tissue damage. Also, conditions of macrophage differentiation were very similar to the changes found in lung tissue of severe Covid-19 patients.
The research, supported by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and KAIST, was published in the journal ‘Nature Communications’ on July 28 with the title, “Single-cell transcriptome of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid reveals a sequential change of macrophages during SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets.”
The joint research team is preparing for a follow-up research protocol on defining the immunological effects of drugs and appropriate control of the excessive immune reaction. Fatal immune responses of severe Covid-19 patients include cytokine storm. Currently, the team is secondarily tracking the immunological changes on Covid-19 patients that had immunosuppressive drugs administered.
“The research result is an important reference in understanding the duality of immune reaction of macrophages in Covid-19 infection. Using single-cell transcriptome omics data, multilateral analysis was made on an innate immune reaction that the lungs of Covid-19 patients experience,” said Drs. Koh June-young of KAIST and Lee of Genome Insight, the lead authors of the research.
Professor Choi said, “The research material that contains the proliferation changes and pathological analysis of different stages of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection is an important tool in understanding pathogenesis related to the overall infection and recovery.”
Professor Park also said, “The most significant point of the study is the precise definition of consecutive changes before and after the Covid-19 infection. Also, the study identified specific inflammatory macrophages as the cause of lung damage after infection. This gives a basis for planning precise immunosuppressive treatment strategies for severe Covid-19 patients.”
출처 : KBR(http://www.koreabiomed.com)
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Macropage
Macrophages are specialised cells involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms. In addition, they can also present antigens to T cells and initiate inflammation by releasing molecules (known as cytokines that activate other cells)
https://www.immunology.org/publi ... y/cells/macrophages
Cytokine
Cytokines are necessary proteins present throughout the body that have many jobs, with the immune response being one of their main functions. When the body is hurt or infected, cytokines are produced, which then trigger increased blood flow bringing along plasma proteins and white blood cells to the sites of injury to fend off an infection or foreign invaders.
While the production of cytokines followed by white blood cells is a normal immunogenic response and even beneficial to the body, during a cytokine storm, cytokines are fired off at an unusually high rate and immune cells are recruited non-stop, begin attacking the body’s own healthy cells, leading to organ failure.
Read more at: https://www.deccanherald.com/science-and-environment/explained-what-is-a-cytokine-storm-how-does-it-affect-covid-19-patients-986470.html
Kt dpn tulis makcopages gagal berkomunikasi coz protein gelsolin jatuh kan. Bila gagal komunikasi , deyols trus menerus keluarkan cytokine.
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basic need tu refer pd oximeter ka? Klo positif covid n kena kuarantin kat rumah , gomen bg free tak? Ai nk tanya jiran(sheols ex pesakit kobid) tp tak jumpa plak.
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borrow replied at 15-8-2021 04:44 PM
basic need tu refer pd oximeter ka? Klo positif covid n kena kuarantin kat rumah , gomen bg free t ...
taktaula kjaan lain..kjaan semasa takde bg apa pun kalo kuarantin rumah kecuali surat yg mengatakan kita kena kuarantin |
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ic. Jd kena beli sendirilah ek.
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@anony-mous blast tidak mahu masuk di thread ini.. sekolah kan kita semua bahaya ubat steroid |
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MelahJanda replied at 14-8-2021 03:22 PM
kalau covid, mmg setiap hari kena lapor dlm mysej berapa level oksigen. kalo teruk, kkm akan call ...
I x tau pon yg ni..blh report kat kat my sejahtera..masa ank i kena dulu gigih la i call ambulance..walopn i jauh dr ank. |
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rosmahisham replied at 15-8-2021 10:50 PM
I x tau pon yg ni..blh report kat kat my sejahtera..masa ank i kena dulu gigih la i call ambulance ...
bila kena tu? kalo early this year..belum lagi kot |
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MelahJanda replied at 15-8-2021 10:54 PM
bila kena tu? kalo early this year..belum lagi kot
Sblm raya haji..tp alhamdulillah dh sembuh tp still batuk2 & sesak nafas kdg2 la..bdn2 lemah jgk katanye.. |
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rosmahisham replied at 15-8-2021 11:00 PM
Sblm raya haji..tp alhamdulillah dh sembuh tp still batuk2 & sesak nafas kdg2 la..bdn2 lemah jgk k ...
rasanya time tu mysej dah mmg ada kot form tu. setiap pagi dan petang kena isi.
tu aku pelik jugak shuib kata wife ada bagitau dia oksigen low tapi dia buat taktau. bukanke oksigen low tu kalo ko update dlm mysej mmg kkm akan trigger serta merta? |
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Interest grows in 3 experimental Covid treatments
Two months ago, vaccines were seen as the great hope to end Covid-19. Now, as the virus continues to mutate, interest in emerging Israeli treatments is growing fast.
In February, the world’s attention was focused on Covid-19 experimental drugs. By April, with the worldwide vaccine campaign in full swing, Covid treatments didn’t seem important anymore.
Now that we know the virus isn’t going away despite vaccines, Covid drugs are back on the front burner.
“Just two months ago, interest in Covid therapeutics was done. Everyone thought it was over because the vaccines were working well. And then Delta came along,” says Shai Novik, executive chairman of Enlivex Therapeutics.
Novik says that the large number of unvaccinated people in the world “creates a playing field for mutations,” currently the Delta (Indian) and Delta-plus variants.
That means there’s an urgent need for “a slew of therapeutics for mild, moderate, severe and critical cases of Covid-19,” he tells ISRAEL21c, explaining that not every patient responds the same, and different levels of illness require different drugs or drug combinations.
Here we report on the progress of three promising Israeli drug candidates for treating Covid-19. One is given intravenously; one is swallowed as a pill; and one is inhaled.
Allocetra by Enlivex Therapeutics
Allocetra is an immunotherapy drug candidate that reprograms malfunctioning immune cells called macrophages.
It’s based on the research of Enlivex chief scientific and medical officer Dr. Dror Mevorach, chief of internal medicine at Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center in Jerusalem and head of one of its coronavirus units.
Allocetra is given once by an IV infusion to severe or critical patients in the hospital.
“To date, we’ve treated 10 critical and 11 severe Covid-19 patients,” says Novik.
“The results were encouraging. We did not see any issue with safety and tolerability. Nineteen of the 21 patients were released from the hospital in 5.6 days, on average, after receiving our drug product — less time than you’d expect at this level of illness.”
Enlivex now is initiating a Phase IIb randomized, controlled study of 152 patients in Israel and Europe, half getting Allocetra and half a placebo.
“The objective is to get final clarity and confirmation of whether our drug product is as effective as we think it is in severe and critical patients. The study has an endpoint for each type of patient,” Novik says.
“Assuming the data will be supportive, we will use it to try getting regulatory approval in various locations to get it on the market.”
Novik explains that Allocetra does not target the virus. “It targets the side effect of the virus: organ failure, typically in the lungs, associated with Covid-19. It’s agnostic to the strain of the variant, which could be Delta today, Epsilon tomorrow.”
Allocetra is specific to severe and critical patients, he emphasizes.
“Some of the antibodies approved for use in the US were taken from the plasma of recovered patients or developed in the lab. These were mostly given to moderate patients who didn’t already have organ failure but had a high quantity of virus in their system,” says Novik.
“Sicker patients have little virus left in the body; they’ve developed other serious issues. If approved, our therapy would be like shooting with a tank instead of a rifle.”
Opaganib by RedHill Biopharma
Opaganib is being evaluated as an oral drug with antiviral and anti-inflammatory actions to treat severe Covid-19 pneumonia.
A Phase II/III study involving 475 patients on several continents was completed on July 19. RedHill COO Gilead Raday tells ISRAEL21c that the findings will be available soon pending data accumulation and analysis.
Shaare Zedek Medical Center in Jerusalem gave the drug candidate to 23 patients on a compassionate use basis in April and May 2020 and compared outcomes to control patients. Results, published in the Journal of Emerging Diseases and Virology, were encouraging though anecdotal.
“All the patients showed improvement across several clinical parameters and biomarkers,” says Raday. “There were zero events of mechanical intubation and ventilation, while a third of the control patients did have to be intubated and ventilated. The patients treated with our product also improved in terms of oxygen requirement, lymphocyte count and other inflammatory markers.”
A Phase II study of opaganib in 40 American hospital patients demonstrated consistent benefit compared to those on drugs such as remdesivir and helped them to be discharged faster, he adds.
Because opaganib doesn’t act on the spike protein of the coronavirus, but rather on a mechanism the virus uses in the body to replicate and spread, “we think it will continue to be effective against Delta and any future variants with differences in the spike protein,” says Raday.
An oral pill is easy to distribute and administer to non-hospitalized patients, which describes most of the Covid patients around the world, he points out.
“Experts are now focusing on oral therapy for outpatients early in the diagnosis of the disease to prevent deterioration and hospitalization,” Raday says.
The drug’s ability to inhibit virus replication is potentially helpful at early stages of Covid-19, while its anti-inflammatory ability to reduce the hyperimmune response is potentially helpful in later stages, he explains.
“If our global Phase II/III studies confirm or replicate the results we saw in compassionate use and Phase II studies, opaganib would be a gamechanger in treating Covid-19. The pill could be broadly implemented to patients in various stages of disease.”
RedHill Biopharma also has a second oral pill candidate, with a different antiviral mechanism, under investigation for treating Covid-19 patients.
EXO-CD24
EXO-CD24, an experimental inhaled medication developed by Prof. Nadir Arber at Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, is designed to stop the “cytokine storm” that occurs in the lungs of 5-7% of Covid-19 patients.
A cytokine storm is when the immune system goes haywire and starts attacking healthy cells with an overabundance of cytokine cells, which normally control the growth and activity of other immune system cells.
Results of a Phase I trial released last February showed all 30 patients treated with EXO-CD24 recovered, 29 of them leaving the hospital within three to five days of treatment.
On August 5, the medical center reported that 93% of 90 serious Covid-19 patients, treated in several Greek hospitals with EXO-CD24 as part of a Phase II clinical trial, were discharged within five days.
No significant side effects were seen in patients in the Phase I or II trials, probably because EXO-CD24 is delivered directly to the lungs.
Dr. Nadir Arber in his lab where EXO-CD24 was developed. Photo courtesy of Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center.
“The preparation is given by inhalation, once a day for only a few minutes, for five days,” said Dr. Shiran Shapira, director of Arber’s laboratory, which studies the CD24 protein and its role in regulating the immune system.
“The drug is based on exosomes, [vesicles] that are released from the cell membrane and used for intercellular communication. We enrich the exosomes with CD24, a protein expressed on the surface of the cell,” explained Shapira.
Arber describes EXO-CD24 as a precision medication because it targets only the mechanism involved in cytokine storms. It does not affect the entire immune system, as steroids do.
The drug now goes into Phase III controlled studies involving 155 Covid-19 patients in Israel. Two-thirds will receive EXO-CD24, while the remaining one-third will get a placebo. This study is expected to be completed by the end of 2021.
“Even if the vaccines perform their function, and even if no new mutations are produced, then still in one way or another the corona will remain with us,” said Arber, director of the medical center’s Integrated Cancer Prevention Center.
https://www.israel21c.org/intere ... i-covid-treatments/
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Post time 15-8-2021 12:27 AM
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